Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes 1 major depressive disorder 2 bipolar disorder (formerly manic depressive disorder)

Depression Depression is the number one reason that some people seek mental health services In any given year, depressive episodes plague 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women Often a response to past and current loss

Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure

Major Depressive Symptoms Problems regulating appetite Problems regulating sleep Low energy Low self-esteem Difficulty concentrating and making decisions Feelings of hopelessness

Major Depressive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lWXXZ1R JsY

Bipolar Disorder Some people rebound from depression, or sometimes people start with the opposite emotional extreme- the euphoric, hyperactive, wildly optimistic state of mania Alternating (week to week) from mania and depression is known as bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorder Increased diagnosis from 1994-2003 DSM-5 likely to reduce the number of child/adolescent bipolar diagnoses by classifying disruptive mood dysregulation disorder some of those with emotional volatility DMDD is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation.

The Manic Phase People are often typically overtalkative, overactive, elated (though easily irritated), have little need for sleep, and show fewer sexual inhibitions Find advice irritating In milder forms, it can fuel creativity (Catherine Zeta Jones, Mark Twain, Virginia Woolf, and Tim Burton)

Understanding Mood Disorders Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression- people are inactive and feel unmotivated , sensitive to negative information, expect negative outcomes Depression is widespread Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s

Understanding Mood Disorders Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression

Biological Perspective Mood disorders run in families “postcards from our genes” Risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a parent or sibling with the disorder Heritability of major depression is at 37% (based on twin studies)

Depressed Brain Disappointment in swimmers (failed Olympic swim events) Diminished activity during depressed states, more activity during manic states Major depression- frontal lobes smaller Hippocampus vulnerable to stress-related damage

Depressed Brain Neurotransmitter systems influence mood disorders Norepinephrine is scarce during depression Serotonin also being linked (scarce)

Mediterranean Diet Veggies, fish, olive oil Lower risk of developing heart disease, late-life cognitive decline and depression

Social Cognitive Perspective Depression is a whole-body disorder Research reveals that self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression’s vicious cycle

Learned Helplessness Self-defeating beliefs may arise from this More common in women than in men Women respond more easily to stress Women also tend to overthink issues Rumination- compulsive fretting, overthinking about our problems and their causes

Explanatory Style Who or what they blame their failures (or credit for their successes) Stable (going to last forever) Global (going to affect everything I do) Internal (it’s all my fault) Results= depressing sense of hopelessness More common in the West? Individualism, decline of commitment to religion and family

Vicious Cycle 1) Stressful experiences 2) Negative Explanatory Style 3) Depressed Mood 4) Cognitive and Behavioral Changes