Italian & German Unification

Italy (1859-1860)

Antiquity: Roman Empire 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Antiquity: Roman Empire

Middle Ages: competing city-states 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Middle Ages: competing city-states

Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Goal: centralized democratic republic universal male suffrage Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini FAILED (too radical) Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politician

2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Goal: federation pres. = progressive pope Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti FAILED (Pope Pius IX opposed) Gioberti, Catholic priest

2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Goal: union under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont Advocate: ??? WINNER!!! Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861)

3. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S 1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added

4a. The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…” The Idealist Patriot

4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Unification of Northern Italy 1850s: strengthen Sardinia 1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria! ally w/ France goad Austria into war Franco-Sardinian victory! France pulls support … separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only Cavour resigns Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861

4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Unification of Northern Italy 1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification! 1860: Cavour returns & France re-pledges support N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

4c. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882) Unification of North & South Red Shirts 1860: conquer Sicily plan to invade Papal States  stopped by Cavour Cavour orders plebiscite  S. states vote to join N Military Leader

5. What did the new, unified Italy look like? Government: Divisions between: parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel) limited suffrage social classes (rich/poor) regions (N/S)

Germany (1871)

1a. Entities: Holy Roman Empire loose affiliation of ≈300 German states 800-1806 “First Reich”

1b. Entities: German Confederation loose affiliation of 39 German states 1815-1866 replaced HRE purpose: military defense ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

1c. Entities: Schleswig-Holstein mostly German Holstein = member of German Confederation ruled by Denmark 1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H

1d. Entities: Zollverein German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy Prussia = leader included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

2a. People: Frederick William IV King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861) 1848: new liberal constitution accepts Prussian-led German unification 1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany 1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans

2b. People: William I King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888) 1st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888)

2c. People: Otto von Bismarck 1st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor” Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873) background: Prussian, Junker, conservative led German unification

3. 1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution Driving forces: Liberalism: make absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy Nationalism: unite Germany Events: Constituent Assembly (Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany Outcome: FAILURE!!!! Fred Will IV makes conservative constitution for Prussia Austria opposes unification Frederick William I, the “Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740)

4. Obstacles to German Unification Denmark Austria Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

4a. Denmark Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusive How obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig War (1864) = Denmark defeated

4b. Austria Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt Austria refuses Zollverein membership Austro-Prussian War (1866) How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

4c. Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia Liberals: Prussian parliament Conservatives: William I & Bismarck Events: 1862: parliament rejects William’s budget 1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister 1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”) 1866: indemnity bill How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

5a. Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866) Cause: Prussia wants to control northern German Confederation war to drive Austria out of German affairs Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of North German Confederation*** North German Confederation

5b. Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Cause: drive south German states to unify with the north France = common enemy Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification achieved***  German nationalism harsh peace for France German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

6. What did the new, unified Germany look like? 25 states parliamentary monarchy strong national government: emperor (Kaiser) chancellor 2-house parliament Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)