Cholinergic Innervation and Muscarinic Receptors in the Human Prostate Lambertus P.W. Witte, Christopher R. Chapple, Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette, Martin C. Michel  European Urology  Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages 326-334 (August 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.007 Copyright © 2008 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of cholinergic nerves and muscarinic receptors in the human prostate. Note that M2 receptors on stromal smooth muscle cells quantitatively play a smaller role than M1 receptors on epithelial cells or α1A-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells and that signal transduction and smooth muscle and epithelial cell function presently have been tested in few studies only (see text for details). European Urology 2008 54, 326-334DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.007) Copyright © 2008 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Presence of muscarinic receptors as compared to α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in the human prostate. Receptor expression was studied in two groups of men, referred to as “asymptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia” and “symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia” by the original authors, with the former actually representing patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma; the average prostate weight of the two groups is shown in parentheses. Note that the relative proportions of muscarinic receptors and α1- and α2-adrenoceptors were similar in both groups. Adapted from Gup et al. J Urol 1990;143:179–85. European Urology 2008 54, 326-334DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.007) Copyright © 2008 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions