LHC and astroparticle physics 1 LHC and astroparticle physics ~ connection to the air shower simulations ~ Sorry, not cover SUSY, mini BH, extra-dimension, QGP… Takashi SAKO (Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan) for the LHCf Collaboration XXth Rencontres de Blois, 22nd May 2008

Air shower experiments 2 Astrophysical parameters - source type - source distribution - source spectrum - source composition - propagation Image from “The Daily Galaxy” Air shower development - interaction - atmosphere Effect to Astrophysics Constraint from LHC Observations - lateral distribution - longitudinal distribution - particle type - arrival direction

Berezinsky, ICRC 2007 Systematics of AGASA Total ±18% 3 Berezinsky, ICRC 2007 AGASA X0.9 HiRes X1.2 Yakutsk X0.75 Auger X1.2 (not enough) Systematics of AGASA Total ±18% Hadron interaction (QGSJET, SIBYLL) ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003)

Composition (Auger) Xmax favors heavy primary 4 Composition (Auger) Xmax favors heavy primary Anisotropy favors light primary (if accept AGN correlation)

Composition of Galactic CRs (KASCADE) 5 Composition of Galactic CRs (KASCADE) QGSJET01 SIBYLL 2.1

Key measurements at accelerator 6 Key measurements at accelerator What accelerator experiments can do? Key parameters Total (inelastic) cross section Elasticity / Inelasticity Secondary distribution (E, PT, θ, η, XF) Technique of the forward measurements Existing data (SppS, Tevatron, HERA, RHIC) LHC experiments

Elasticity / inelasticity 7 Key measurements E0 EM shower E leading hadron Elasticity / inelasticity Forward spectra Cross section

Importance in forward emission 8 No cut γ: XF<0.05 Pi,K: XF<0.1 XF~E/E0 XF>0.1 : very forward particles for simple ~50% is produced from very forward particles

How to access very forward in the colliders? 9 How to access very forward in the colliders? Coverage of general purpose detector (ATLAS, CMS,…) Special detectors to access forward particles are necessary Charged particles Beam pipe Neutral particles

How to access very forward in the colliders? 10 How to access very forward in the colliders? Surrounding the beam pipe with detectors Simple way, but still miss very very forward particles

How to access very forward in the colliders? 11 How to access very forward in the colliders? Install detectors inside the beam pipe Challenging but ideal for charged particle

How to access very forward in the colliders? 12 How to access very forward in the colliders? Y shape chamber enables us neutral measurements Zero degree calorimeters

Expected measurements at LHC 13 Expected measurements at LHC TOTEM, ATLAS forward (ALFA) [surrounding + approaching type] Absolute cross section ZDC (ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, LHCf) [neutral particle measurement except a part of ALICE ZDC] Inelasticity and spectra measurements

The Ｌarge Ｈadron Ｃollider 14 The Ｌarge Ｈadron Ｃollider Collider of 7TeV proton + 7TeV proton 1017eV @ labo. System Heavy ion collisions ATLAS / LHCf LHCb CMS / TOTEM ALICE

LHC energy @ 14TeV collision 15 LHC energy @ 14TeV collision Engel, Nuclear Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 151 (2006) 437-461

16 5TeV in 2008 7TeV in 2009

Transverse energy flow 17 Pseudo rapidity in LHC LHCf Energy flow Transverse energy flow The CMS and TOTEM diffractive and forward physics working group pseudorapidity：　 = - ln (tan /2)

TOTEM IP5 18 CMS Leading Protons detectors at 147,220m from the IP Telescopes T1 T2

19 TOTEM Cross section measurement

Total cross section by TOTEM 20 Total cross section by TOTEM 1mb precision

ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter) 21 ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter) ATLAS ZDC, CMS ZDC, ALICE ZDC Total energy flow, wide aperture, high energy resolution for hadrons, (proton measurement only by ALICE ZDC) LHCf (dedicated for CR study) Individual particle, imaging calorimeters, π0 reconstruction, particle ID

LHCf (ZDCs) Acceptance 22 η> 8.4 η> 8.7 XF 0.1 1.0 ~10cmX10cm at 140m away from collision point (5cm/140m ~ 300 urad)

The LHCf experiment 23 K.Fukui, Y.Itow, T.Mase, K.Masuda, Y.Matsubara, H.Menjo, T.Sako, K.Taki, H.Watanabe Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan K.Yoshida Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan K.Kasahara, M.Mizuishi, Y.Shimizu, S.Torii Waseda University, Japan T.Tamura Kanagawa University, Japan Y.Muraki Konan University M.Haguenauer Ecole Polytechnique, France W.C.Turner LBNL, Berkeley, USA O.Adriani, L.Bonechi, M.Bongi, R.D’Alessandro, M.Grandi, P.Papini, S.Ricciarini, G.Castellini, A. Viciani INFN, Univ. di Firenze, Italy A.Tricomi INFN, Univ. di Catania, Italy J.Velasco, A.Faus IFIC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UVEG, Spain D.Macina, A-L.Perrot CERN, Switzerland

Double Arm Detectors Arm#1 Detector 20mmx20mm+40mmx40mm 24 Double Arm Detectors Arm#1 Detector 20mmx20mm+40mmx40mm 4 XY SciFi+MAPMT Arm#2 Detector 25mmx25mm+32mmx32mm 4 XY Silicon strip detectors

Double Arm Detectors 25 Arm#1 Detector Arm#2 Detector 290mm 90mm

Model dependence in LHCf 26 θ~ 0 radian θ~ 270 μradian Gamma-ray spectra expected in a 1000 sec operation of LHCf at very low LHC luminosity（1029cm-2s-1）

Neutron spectra Energy spectra at detector front 27 Neutron spectra Energy spectra at detector front Resolution included spectra

π0 spectra QGSJETII ⇔ DPMJET3χ2= 106 (C.L. <10-6) 28 Pi zero produced at collision can be extracted by using gamma pair events Powerful to eliminate beam-gas BG QGSJETII ⇔ DPMJET3χ2= 106 (C.L. <10-6) ⇔ SIBYLL χ2= 83 (C.L. <10-6) DPMJET3 ⇔ SIBYLL χ2= 28 (C.L.= 0.024) 107events DOF = 17-2=15

New models (PICCO, EPOS) 29 Proton New models (PICCO, EPOS) Drescher, Physical Review D77, 056003 (2008) Pi0 Neutron

30 LPM effect ○ w/o LPM ■ w/ LPM Transition curve of a1 TeV photon w/ and w/o LPM to be measured by LHCf

31 Detector in place LHCf Luminosity Monitor (BRAN) ATLAS ZDC

LHCf run schedule 900 GeV collision before rumping in 2008 32 LHCf run schedule 900 GeV collision before rumping in 2008 10 TeV run in 2008 during the LHC commissioning (low luminosity) 14 TeV run in 2009 during commissioning Dedicated run (crossing angle, etc) Ion collision run (A-A’, p-N, N-N, Fe-N) in study

33 Summary Compilation of the EAS data is affected by the uncertainty of hadron interaction. LHC experiments (TOTEM, ZDCs including LHCf) will provide crucial data of hadron interaction for CR study. LHCf can clearly discriminate the existing and new models. LHC will start with 10TeV collisions in 2008 and achieve 14TeV in 2009. With LHC, Auger, TA (full scale started!) and new physics models (eg. CGC), we can expect a significant progress in CR study in coming years

Backup slides

Outline of this talk Model dependence in the compilation of air shower data Key measurements at accelerators Expected measurements at LHC LHCf Summary and future

Model dependence problems Absolute energy GZK (1020 eV) Composition Transition from galactic to extragalactic (1017-1018 eV) Knee (1015-1016 eV) Popular models and new models QGSJET, DPMJET, SIBYLL EPOS, PICCO

Highest Energy Major systematics of AGASA Total ±18% 1019eV 1020eV log(Energy) Log (flux) HiRes-1 mono HiRes-2 mono AGASA Major systematics of AGASA Total ±18% Hadron interaction (QGSJET, SIBYLL) ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003)

Recent Model (with HiRes result) Drescher, Dumitru and Strikman, PRL 94, 231801 (2005)

Accelerator data Inelastic cross section Tevatron;σinela @ √s =1800GeV = 72, 80 mb E-PT distribution of secondary SppS (UA5-P238, UA7), HERA, RHIC Charged: UA5 (dot) P238(cross) pseudorapidity：　 = - ln (tan /2)

LHCf interaction point 1 140m 96mm Arm#1 Arm#2

Schematic Side View of the CMS ZDC pp Lum EM Had PMTs Lead/ plastic Fiber 1.5cm tungsten plates 2mm plates , o N Space for flow upgrade Light guide 74 cm

Drescher, Physical Review D77, 056003 (2008)

CMS/TOTEM

Hadron Interaction Models QGSJET, DPMJET, SIBYLL have a common root based on Gribov-Regge theory Recent development in EPOS, PICCO Accelerator calibration points are indispensable

Pseudo rapidity distribution at SppS Charged: UA5 (dot) P238(cross) Neutral: UA7 (dot)

LHC energy @ 14TeV collision Energy (eV) Xmax (g/cm2) Proton Iron LHC 7TeV