The Digestive System and Nutrition 15 The Digestive System and Nutrition 1

1. The tongue functions to _____. add moisture and enzymes to food grind and crush food position food for chewing and swallowing protect the opening of the larynx during swallowing C. position food for chewing and swallowing

1. The tongue functions to _____. Answer: c. position food for chewing and swallowing Explanation: The tongue manipulates food so that it is crushed and ground by teeth, mixed with saliva, and easily swallowed. It also positions the food in the back of the mouth for swallowing.

2. Mechanical digestion begins in the _____, and chemical digestion begins in the _____. stomach; small intestine mouth; stomach stomach; mouth mouth; mouth D. mouth; mouth

2. Mechanical digestion begins in the _____, and chemical digestion begins in the _____. Answer: d. mouth; mouth Explanation: The teeth and tongue begin the process of mechanical digestion of ingested food, and digestive enzymes in saliva begin the process of chemical digestion. Both occur in the mouth.

3. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with what enzyme? Pepsin Lipase Bicarbonate Amylase D. Amylase

3. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with what enzyme? Answer: d. Amylase Explanation: Salivary amylase is secreted in the saliva and begins starch digestion. Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach. Lipase acts on fats in the small intestine. Bicarbonate is not an enzyme; it functions as a buffer to neutralize the acidity of the chyme leaving the stomach.

4. The substance present in stomach secretions that does the most damage in heartburn is _____. amylase pepsin HCl dentin C. HCl

4. The substance present in stomach secretions that does the most damage in heartburn is _____. Answer: c. HCl Explanation: HCl has a very low pH, which burns the esophagus during reflux.

5. After leaving the stomach, chyme enters the _____. ileum duodenum jejunum cecum B. Duodenum

5. After leaving the stomach, chyme enters the _____. Answer: b. duodenum Explanation: The duodenum is the first region of the small intestine. Chyme passes from the stomach into the duodenum, and then to the jejunum and ileum. The ileum is the last section of small intestine and empties into the cecum of the large intestine.

6. Which of the following gives the correct order of the organs that food passes through in the digestive system? Esophagus, epiglottis, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus Mouth, epiglottis, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, anus Mouth, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, anus Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus D. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

6. Which of the following gives the correct order of the organs that food passes through in the digestive system? Answer: d. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus Explanation: The other answer choices include structures food does not pass through, like the gallbladder, epiglottis, and liver.

7. The primary function of the stomach is to _____. break down fats provide HCl to be used by the small intestine store, digest, and absorb food nutrients store and digest food D. store and digest food

7. The primary function of the stomach is to _____. Answer: d. store and digest food Explanation: The stomach functions to store food, liquefy food, and initiate chemical digestion of proteins. It does not absorb food or digest fats.

8. Chemical digestion of proteins is confined to which combination of organs in the digestive system? Mouth and large intestine Mouth, stomach, and small intestine Esophagus and small intestine Stomach and small intestine D. Stomach and small intestine

8. Chemical digestion of proteins is confined to which combination of organs in the digestive system? Answer: d. Stomach and small intestine Explanation: Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine.

9. What are the fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine called? Capillaries Circular folds Villi Lacteals C. Villi

9. What are the fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine called? Answer: c. Villi Explanation: Covering the entire lining surface of the small intestine are tiny projections called villi.

10. The primary function of the small intestine is to _____. digest and absorb nutrients kill bacteria in the food maintain constant levels of nutrients in the blood pass indigestible waste from the body A. digest and absorb nutrients

10. The primary function of the small intestine is to _____. Answer: a. digest and absorb nutrients Explanation: The small intestine is the primary site of food digestion and nutrient absorption.

11. What are the complexes of glycerol, fatty acids, and bile salts formed in the lumen of the small intestine called? Chylomicrons Micelles Microvilli Lacteals B. Micelles

11. What are the complexes of glycerol, fatty acids, and bile salts formed in the lumen of the small intestine called? Answer: b. Micelles Explanation: The products of fat digestion, glycerol, and fatty acids combine with bile salts to form micelles. When a micelle contacts an epithelial cell of a villus, the glycerol and fatty acids diffuse into the cell. The epithelial cell reassembles them into triglycerides, and then packages the fats into chylomicrons for transport.

12. What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion? Absorbs ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis Adds the enzyme lactase to the digestive process Completes the breakdown of indigestible food Produces essential bacteria for one’s health A. Absorb ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis

12. What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion? Answer: a. Absorbs ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis Explanation: The large intestine absorbs water, vitamins, and ions. It also adjusts the consistency of the feces.

13. Without bile, one would be unable to digest _____, completely. proteins, such as meat and eggs lipids, found in butter and fried foods carbohydrates, such as soda pop and pasta minerals, like calcium and phosphorous B. lipids, found in butter and fried foods

13. Without bile, one would be unable to digest _____ completely. Answer: b. lipids, found in butter and fried foods Explanation: Bile emulsifies fat, aiding in its complete digestion.

14. Which of the following hormones functions to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas? Cholecystokinin Gastrin Vasoactive intestinal peptide Secretin A. Cholecystokinin

14. Which of the following hormones functions to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas? Answer: a. Cholecystokinin Explanation: Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

15. Blood flows from the small intestine to the liver through the _____, then from the liver to the inferior vena cava through the _____. aorta; hepatic artery hepatic artery; hepatic vein hepatic portal vein; hepatic artery hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein D. hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein

15. Blood flows from the small intestine to the liver through the _____, then from the liver to the inferior vena cava through the _____. Answer: d. hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein Explanation: Blood leaves the small intestine in veins that drain into the hepatic portal vein, which leads to the liver. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic vein, which drains into the inferior vena cava.

16. Which intake of fats should be avoided or limited? Trans fat Saturated and Polysaturated fat Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated fat A and B A and C D. A and B

16. Which intake of fats should be avoided or limited? Answer: d. A and B Explanation: We should reduce the amount of saturated fat (fat that is solid at room temperature) and trans fats in our diet in favor of unsaturated fats or oils (fats that are liquid at room temperature) and omega-3 and omega-6 fats.

17. What does BMR stand for? Body Mass Rate Basal Metabolic Rate Best Metabolic Rate Best Meal Ratio Body Mass Relation B. Basal Metabolic Rate

17. What does BMR stand for? Answer: b. Basal Metabolic Rate Explanation: The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal energy needed to keep an awake, resting person alive.

18. Which of the following are eating disorders? Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa Obesity All of the above A and B only D. All of the above

18. Which of the following are eating disorders? Answer: d. All of the above Explanation: Obesity is an eating disorder with excessive food intake. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is a form of self-starvation, and bulimia is a disorder in which a person consumes a huge amount of food and then purges it from the body.