13 The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1 Nutrition

Nutrition energy macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals

Energy=The ability of a system to do work Heat, Chemical, Kinetic, Potential measuring the body’s energy use Usually about the capacity to produce heat Calories (C) the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1Kg of H20 by 1 degree C kilocalories Metabolism- sum of the activities that keep you alive basal metabolic rate energy required for one day at rest ( in C) varies by individual ( age, gender, height, BMI, fat % EX: a 150 pound adult with 25% body fat has a BMR of 1500 C per day We require 20-70% more calories than BMR based on activity level Moderately active 14-18 M need 2400-2800, F need 2000 Highly active M need 3200, F need 2400 Sedentary?

Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals substances needed for energy growth maintenance Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com

Nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients carbohydrates proteins fats (lipids) Micronutrients vitamins Organic compounds needed to regulate processes minerals Elements like Ca and Fe required to maintain good health

Carbohydrates sugars starches 1 gram supplies 4 Calories one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates No More than 25% of that should be from sugars

Proteins made of amino acids (20) essential amino acids (9) must be part of diet nonessential amino acids body can make (12) one gram supplies 4 Calories one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com

Fats Lipids- oils and fats saturated fats- animal products, coconut and palm oil Unsaturated- plant based monounsaturated fats- canola and olive oil polyunsaturated fats- corn/ soybean oils trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)- artificially produced

Fats one gram supplies 9 Calories minimize trans and saturated fat intake Replace with monounsaturated fats less than 25–35% of total calories from fat

Vitamins chemicals needed for proper metabolism types of vitamins fat-soluble may be stored in the adipose tissue Not excreted- too much can be toxic water-soluble are not stored in the body Are excreted in urine (color) Coenzymes with protein- see pg 457 vitamin deficiency- long term lack

Minerals elements needed for proper body function examples AMOUNTS VARY BY MINERAL examples Calcium- bone Potassium- heart/ muscles Iron- oxygen transport Phosphorus- bone Sodium- 1000/1500/3400

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Minerals

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System activities of digestion layers of the alimentary canal digestive organs and their functions

Activities of Digestion (1) ingestion getting food into the body (2) propulsion moving food along GI tract (3) mechanical breakdown breaks food into smaller pieces increases surface area of food (4) chemical breakdown also known as digestion enzymes (5) absorption digested food particles moved into blood (6) defecation

Layers of the Alimentary Canal mucosa innermost layer adjacent to lumen submucosa below mucosa muscularis externa circular muscle longitudinal muscle serosa outermost layer peritoneum visceral parietal

Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Digestive Organs and Their Functions the oral cavity the nasal cavity teeth and gums salivary glands pharynx Esophagus stomach small intestine liver and gallbladder pancreas large intestine rectum, anal canal, and anus

Digestive Organs and Their Functions

The Oral Cavity lips tongue cheeks palate hard soft

The Nasal Cavity passageway for air uvula hangs from soft palate keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing

Teeth and Gums gum teeth gingiva deciduous permanent incisor canine molar

Anatomy of the Tooth

Salivary Glands parotid submandibular sublingual saliva water enzymes

Pharynx nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx glottis epiglottis

Esophagus connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis muscle contraction changes size of tube food is moved through GI tract

Stomach regions three layers of muscle cardia fundus body pyloric region three layers of muscle

Lining of the Stomach gastric gland protein-digesting enzymes mucus-secreting cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells protein-digesting enzymes chyme formation stomach contractions

Small Intestine segments lining duodenum jejunum ileum villi intestinal crypts

Small Intestine chemical breakdown absorption into the blood emulsification by bile break down by enzymes absorption into the blood from capillaries to the blood lacteal to lymph vitamin B12

The Liver functions of the liver hepatic portal vein maintains nutrients in blood, converts one nutrient to another stores nutrients and inactivates toxins hepatic portal vein parts of the liver lobules hepatocytes blood vessels bile canaliculi bile salts functions of the gallbladder stores bile produced by liver releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

Liver and Gallbladder

Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation contain digestive enzymes glucose regulation beta cells–insulin alpha cells–glucagon

Large Intestine regions cecum colon ascending transverse descending sigmoid

Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus sphincters internal external

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System gingivitis and periodontal disease plaque forms tarter cardiovascular disease gastroesophageal reflux disease heartburn ulcers Helicobacter pylori

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System gastroenteritis inflammation of stomach or intestine inflammatory bowel disease chronic inflammation ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease constipation and diarrhea infrequent or too frequent defecation

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System hepatitis inflammation of liver pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas gallstones bile forms crystals cholecystectomy cancer digestive system cancers are common Roblan/Shutterstock.com

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.