TYPES of LANDFORMS Plains : large flat land areas Plateaus : elevated flat land areas Mountains : high elevated landmass

Plains Coastal Plains Interior Plains

Plateaus

Mountains

Folded Mountains

Upwarped Mountains

Black Hills of South Dakota

Fault-Block Mountains

Grand Tetons of Wyoming

Volcanic Mountains

Mount Shasta

Mount St. Helens

Latitude Lines Run East and West Help locate places North and South of the Equator Also called PARALLELS since all lines are parallel to each other

Important Latitude Lines 0 degrees is the Equator 23 ½ degrees north is the tropic of cancer 23 ½ degrees south is the tropic of capricorn 66 ½ degrees north is the artic circle 66 ½ degrees south is the antarctic circle 90 degrees north is the north pole 90 degrees south is the south pole

North Pole

South Pole

How were the lines of Latitude determined ?

Run north and south Help locate place that are east and west of the prime meridian Also called meridians and intersect at the poles Longitude Lines

Prime Meridian 0 degrees Longitude Starting point for measuring longitude Runs through Greenwich, England

The Royal Observatory Greenwich, England

International Date Line This is where the day officially begins and ends. It is the 180th meridian. East meets West.

How were the lines of Longitude determined ?

How is your time of day determined ?

United States Time Zones

Types of Map Projections Mercator : Latitude lines are parallel Longitude lines are parallel Used for surface navigation Polar : Latitude lines appear as circles Used to study the polar regions Conic : Shows detailed information of small areas EX. Road & Weather Map

Mercator Projection

Polar Projection

Conic Map Projection

Topographic Maps Show elevation by using contour lines Show landscape features such as mountains, hills, lakes, and rivers Show cultural features such as roads, bridges, and important buildings

Rules of Contour Lines They join points of equal elevation They never cross They are close together when there is a hill or steep slope They form a “V” whenever crossing a stream or river that points upstream

Hachures : lines drawn on the inside of a contour line that indicate a depression Contour interval : how much the elevation changes between 2 adjacent contour lines Relief : how much change in elevation an area has Ex. High or rugged – mountains ; large contour interval Ex. Low or gentle – plain/flat land ; small contour interval