Interactive Notebook Setup 2/12/2018 Ottoman Politics and Culture This will be one page

Ottoman Rise and Politics Millets Ottoman Rise and Politics Ottoman Art and Culture Devsirme Janissaries

From 1300 to 1700, three “gunpowder empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire The Ottoman Empire Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries. As powerful societies moved to expand their empires, Turkish, Persian, Mongol, and Arab ways of life blended. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th century. The rulers of all three great Muslim empires of this era based their authority on Islam. They based their power on strong armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers.

These empires were unique but shared some similarities: All 3 empires were able to conquer neighboring people because they formed strong armies using rifles & artillery Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries. As powerful societies moved to expand their empires, Turkish, Persian, Mongol, and Arab ways of life blended. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th century. The rulers of all three great Muslim empires of this era based their authority on Islam. They based their power on strong armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers. All 3 empires were Islamic & ruled by Muslim leaders with well-organized gov’ts made up of loyal bureaucrats All 3 empires blended their culture with neighboring societies to create a high point of Islamic culture

Ottoman Rise and Politics SUNNI Islamic Turkish nomadic people, comprised of aggressive and warlike tribes who raided agricultural people using cavalry Took advantage of power vacuum left by Seljuk Turks being destroyed by the Mongols and an ever weakening Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Rise and Politics Empire lasted from 1299-1922 Most prominent and powerful during the 15th-17th Century Much of the early conquest led by man named Osman Where the empire gets its name Spread Turkish language Conquered Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

“Europeans” vs. Turks

The End of the Byzantine Empire

Expansion paid for by tribute from conquered peoples The Ottoman Empire By the late 1600s, the Ottomans had expanded into the Middle East, Northern Africa, & Eastern Europe Expansion paid for by tribute from conquered peoples

Ottoman Rise and Politics Leaders called Sultan were the supreme political and religious leader of the Turks Most famous Mehmed II and Suleyman The magnificent Any of the Sultan’s offspring had the ability to be the “heir” but they often were forced to kill all their brothers once they obtained the distinction

Ottoman Rise and Politics Viziers or advisors often oversaw the actual administration and bureaucracy of the government With the top vizier known as the Grand Vizier

Ottoman Rise and Politics Military leaders were given land grants called timars in place of being paid Responsible for maintaining agricultural production, collection of all taxes, and administration of timar Timar and need for cavalry grazing land lead to constant expansion

Millet This system was set up to deal with ruling diverse non-Muslim population At times as much as 80% of the empire was non-Muslim Each religious groups was organized into a millet Each religious group was considered its own millet, with multiple millets existing in the empire

Millet Power to: Elect own leaders Enforce religion’s rules Create courts Use own language and develop own institutions

Devsirme Starting in the 1300’s the Ottomans occasionally collected what is called a devsirme from the Balkans A devsirme is a human tax of young Christian males Taught Turkish and many of them converted to Islam Served important military and civil service positionshen trained for either military service or government administration

Devsirme Created a bureaucratic elite group directly loyal to the sultan Prevented a hereditary aristocracy from developing to challenge the power of the sultan

Janissaries Many devsirme became part of this elite military unit Technically slaves These soldiers were raised by the state, from as young as 6 Depended on the Ottoman state rather than their families, creating extreme loyalty

Janissaries

Janissaries Controlled firearms and artillery, giving them essential power in the military Successes with gunpowder lead to it becoming an essential feature of Ottoman expansion