Agenda 3/8 and 3/9 Uses in Agriculture Notes Plant Transgenic Activity Homework: 1. Recombinant DNA video and notes

Review from last class Pathway engineering- using biological or biochemical pathways to get a desired product Citric acid, penicillin, biogas Fermenters-continuous batch vs. fed batch Advantages to using microorganisms in industry

Biotechnology in Agriculture Genetically modified crops Hepatitis B vaccine using tobacco plants Amflora potato- not for consumption, for paper

Genetically Modified Organisms GM crops have been given new genes so new proteins will be made ‘a new proteome’ Proteome is set of proteins expressed in an organisms Transgene- a new gene that is introduced into an organisms Transgenic Organism- an organism with a new introduce gene that will make different proteins

Why would we want GM crops? Resistance to insects Resistance to viral disease Resistance to weed killer Drought resistance

Example: Glyphosate Resistance in Soybean Plants Glyphosate is commonly referred to as Roundup Herbicide resistant soybeans are created uses a bacteria that naturally infects the plant- Agrobacterium Gene for glyphosate resistance is inserted in the bacterial genome Bacteria is allow to infect plant cells, which transfers the gene to the plant Agrobacterium is usually pathogenic to plants, but scientists engineer it so it won’t cause the plant harm but will still transfer the DNA

Glyphosate Resistance

Hepatitis B Vaccine from Tobacco Plants Hep B is a virus that causes liver disease The vaccine can be made by tobacco plants in bulk A gene that makes an antibody to the Hep B virus is put into a modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) As plant is exposed to virus, the TMV will insert its DNA into plant cells The transgene will cause plants cell to produce the antibody to HepB After a few days, leaves are cut and antibody is collected

Hep B Vaccine

Amflora Potato Not for consumption as food Made for its production of amylopectin Engineered to produce 100% amylopectin (usually its only 80%) Used in the paper and adhesive industry Give printer paper glossier look Make concrete stick better to walls

Questions to be answered… How to scientists identify the ‘genes of interest’ How do they know what part of DNA codes for glyphosate resistance? How do they get the desired gene into the plant? How do they know the process has worked?

Identifying Genes Databases contain tons of information about specific genes Scientists have to make sure they have the correct chunk of DNA Scientists will also pair the DNA with other genes to ensure the transfer to the plant is successful https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Open Reading Frame (ORFs) Genes that code for a protein have an ‘open reading frame’ ORF is the length of DNA that contains the start codon (ATG) and doesn’t have any stop codons (TAA, TAG, TGA) ORFs have to have enough nucleotides to make a chain of amino acids ORF finders are in many databases which are helpful to scientists

Identifying ORFs Which of these sequences shows an ORF? 1. ..G CTC AAA ATG GGT CC… 2. ..AA ATC TGA AGT GAT CC.. 3. ATC ATT AAT TTT TGC C…

Identifying ORFs Which of these sequences shows an ORF? 1. ..G CTC AAA ATG GGT CC… 2. ..AA ATC TGA AGT GAT CC.. 3. ATC ATT AAT TTT TGC C…

Controlling Gene Expression When scientists design a ‘desired gene’ they include a few components to control express 1. Transgene- sequence that codes for desired protein product 2. Termination Sequence- sequence that will end transcription 3. Promoter- sequence that tells RNA polymerase where to start transcription 4. Marker gene- a way to see which cells successfully incorporated the new transgene

Marker Genes Markers genes are sequences of DNA that will be added to the ‘gene of interest’ They will allow scientists to know or see if the plant successfully took up new gene Examples of marker genes: antibiotic resistance, fluorescence, pigment production You don’t want the marker gene to harm the plant or interfere with protein production