CHMI 2227E Biochemistry I Gene expression

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Presentation transcript:

CHMI 2227E Biochemistry I Gene expression CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Nature of the gene CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Species Genome size Number of genes Humans 2.9 billion base pairs 20,000-25,000 Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster) 120 million base pairs 13,601 Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 12 million base pairs 6, 275 Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) 97 million base pairs 19,000 E. coli 4.1 million base pairs 4,800 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 125 million base pairs 25,000 CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Nature of the gene CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Nature of the gene CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

What happens when gene expression is screwed-up? Antennapedia mutation Normal fly CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Central dogma of molecular biology CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Transcription: turning on a gene Promoter Transcription factors CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Promoters CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Promoters CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Transcription CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is antiparallel to template strand Transcription Messenger RNA (mRNA) is antiparallel to template strand Complementarity (5’ 3’) CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

mRNAs are modified in eukaryotes CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

mRNAs are modified in eukaryotes CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

mRNAs are translated into proteins CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Translation CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

The genetic code 5’ 3’ A U mRNA CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

The genetic code CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Translation CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Translation - Initiation The initiation codon is ALWAYS AUG  Methionine fMET = N-formyl methionine http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Translation - Elongation Peptide bond: synthesized by the « peptidyl transferase » enzyme on the large ribosomal subunit Translocation http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Translation - Termination Three « Stop » codons exist: UGA; UAA, UAG http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.

Change in cell behavior Protein folding Change in cell behavior Change in organism Adaptation to environment Cue from environment (hormones, temperature, etc) http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/gene_expression.gif Protein function CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.