CARBOHYDRATES Lea Peterson, Justin Diantonio, Pat Donelan, Hannah Martel, Dylan Appelgate

What is a Carbohydrate? Provides energy for animals muscles. A carbohydrate is a macromolecule made up of a chain of 5 or 6 carbon rings and contain the elements carbon, oxygen, Provides energy for animals muscles. provides fuel for the central nervous system. allows for fat metabolism. prevents proteins from being burned to create energy. allows for the buildup of fats, storing energy for later use. virus receptors. carbohydrates are used as a source of energy in animal cells, plant cells and bacteria.

MONOMERS Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates The main fuel source for most cells Provide raw materials for manufacture of other macro molecules They use covalent bonds to attach to other monosaccharides Often has the suffix "ose" in their name Monosaccharides are isomers which means they have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

Monosaccarides A carbohydrate with a 5 carbons is called a pentose while a carbohydrate with 6 carbons is a hexose. Carbs are also classified by ketone or aldehyde function groups. A carb with an aldehyde group is an aldose while a carb with a ketone group is a ketose. If the hydroxyl group is on the left side of the last carbon in the chain that carb has a D configuration while a hydroxyl group on the right of the last carbon is an L configuration. Results in isomers.

Monosaccharide Examples Glucose: hexose and aldose Galactose: hexose and aldose Fructose: hexose and ketose Ribose: pentose and aldose Deoxyribose: pentose and aldose

Alpha and Beta Carbohydrates Classified by hydroxide attachment Affects the bonding of monosaccharides to form disaccharides

Disaccharides Made from two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis Sucrose contains an alpha- glucose and an alpha-fructose Lactose contains an alpha-glucose and a beta-galactose Maltose contains two alpha-glucose

Polymer: Polysaccharides Amylose: Polymer: Polysaccharides Polymers with hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages Structure determined by its sugar molecules and the position of its glycosidic linkages Storage Polysaccharides: Plants and animals store sugars for later use Plants store glucose as amylose or amylopectin, collectively known as starch The glucose is removed by the hydrolysis of the molecule Animals store glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is extensively branched Hydrolysis releases the glucose Structural Polysaccharides: Organisms build important materials, such as cellulose, from structural polysaccharides A polymer of glucose, like starch - the 2 molecules only differ slightly

Complex Sugars Starch Cellulose - oxygens reverse location; top and bottom Glycogen

CARBS in action An athlete may consume a simple carbohydrate, like glucose found in an energy bar, for immediate burning and the creation of a short burst of energy before a race. A worker can consume a more complex carbohydrate like amylose found in starch for sustained long release of energy over the day. A child may consume a type of carbohydrate indigestible by humans (cellulose) like fiber found in leafy green vegetables to clean their colon and take in vital vitamins. When all the amylose consumed by the worker is not burned, the rest is converted to fat stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.