The Heyday of American Urbanism American Urbanism—distinctive features (Douglas Rae) 1870s-1920s industrial convergence a dense fabric of enterprise centralized clustering of housing dense civic fauna of organizations outside the business sector pattern of political integration Emergence of a Middle Class --an urban phenomenon, rooted in the nineteenth century --characteristics of the urban middle class – Stuart Blumin, historian Boston and the Back Bay --a tour of Boston Long Wharf, North End, Boston Common, State House (designed by Charles Bulfinch, Beacon Hill) --constructing the Back Bay –characteristics-- whose Back Bay?? The quest for urban parks --Mount Auburn Cemetery—forerunner --Andrew Jackson Downing – 1840s --Central Park (1857) – origins, “eminent domain,” Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; whose park?; “The People’s Great Playground”

“No place—city, suburb, hamlet, or farmstead—is,” Douglas Rae notes in City, “secure against the emergence of a new economic geography that drains vital populations and investments in a space of a few decades. In seeking ever fresh forms of production, ever larger markets, ever higher returns on investment, capitalism routinely destroys older ways of doing business, older technologies, older plants—and in so doing profoundly transforms the communities that have formed around them.”

The Heyday of American Urbanism American Urbanism—distinctive features (Douglas Rae) 1870s-1920s industrial convergence a dense fabric of enterprise centralized clustering of housing dense civic fauna of organizations outside the business sector pattern of political integration Emergence of a Middle Class --an urban phenomenon, rooted in the nineteenth century --characteristics of the urban middle class – Stuart Blumin, historian Boston and the Back Bay --a tour of Boston Long Wharf, North End, Boston Common, State House (designed by Charles Bulfinch, Beacon Hill) --constructing the Back Bay –characteristics-- whose Back Bay?? The quest for urban parks --Mount Auburn Cemetery—forerunner --Andrew Jackson Downing – 1840s --Central Park (1857) – origins, “eminent domain,” Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; whose park?; “The People’s Great Playground”

The Heyday of American Urbanism American Urbanism—distinctive features (Douglas Rae) 1870s-1920s industrial convergence a dense fabric of enterprise centralized clustering of housing dense civic fauna of organizations outside the business sector pattern of political integration Emergence of a Middle Class --an urban phenomenon, rooted in the nineteenth century --characteristics of the urban middle class – Stuart Blumin, historian Boston and the Back Bay --a tour of Boston Long Wharf, North End, Boston Common, State House (designed by Charles Bulfinch, Beacon Hill) --constructing the Back Bay –characteristics-- whose Back Bay?? The quest for urban parks --Mount Auburn Cemetery—forerunner --Andrew Jackson Downing – 1840s --Central Park (1857) – origins, “eminent domain,” Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; whose park?; “The People’s Great Playground”

Mona Domosh in “Invented Cities” argues that "people create the worlds they live in and, in so doing, produce visible representations of their individual and group beliefs, values, tensions, and fears."

The Heyday of American Urbanism American Urbanism—distinctive features (Douglas Rae) 1870s-1920s industrial convergence a dense fabric of enterprise centralized clustering of housing dense civic fauna of organizations outside the business sector pattern of political integration Emergence of a Middle Class --an urban phenomenon, rooted in the nineteenth century --characteristics of the urban middle class – Stuart Blumin, historian Boston and the Back Bay --a tour of Boston Long Wharf, North End, Boston Common, State House (designed by Charles Bulfinch, Beacon Hill) --constructing the Back Bay –characteristics-- whose Back Bay?? The quest for urban parks --Mount Auburn Cemetery—forerunner --Andrew Jackson Downing – 1840s --Central Park (1857) – origins, “eminent domain,” Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; whose park?; “The People’s Great Playground”

The Heyday of American Urbanism American Urbanism—distinctive features (Douglas Rae) 1870s-1920s industrial convergence a dense fabric of enterprise centralized clustering of housing dense civic fauna of organizations outside the business sector pattern of political integration Emergence of a Middle Class --an urban phenomenon, rooted in the nineteenth century --characteristics of the urban middle class – Stuart Blumin, historian Boston and the Back Bay --a tour of Boston Long Wharf, North End, Boston Common, State House (designed by Charles Bulfinch, Beacon Hill) --constructing the Back Bay –characteristics-- whose Back Bay?? The quest for urban parks --Mount Auburn Cemetery—forerunner --Andrew Jackson Downing – 1840s --Central Park (1857) – origins, “eminent domain,” Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; whose park?; “The People’s Great Playground”