Structures and Functions CELLS!!! Structures and Functions

Basic Parts of the Cell Plasma membrane – barrier between in and outside of cell Cytoplasm – everything inside cell Cytosol – includes molecules and small particles but not organelles Genetic material Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes small, spherical Function: Build proteins Free ribosomes – float, make proteins used in cytoplasm (Ex: enzyme) Bound ribosomes – attached, make proteins used in membranes, packaging, and elsewhere in body Structure: Made part in nucleolus, completed in cytoplasm; small and large subunit

Mitochondria

Mitochondria Function: Make ATP from organic compounds in cell respiration – powers cellular reactions Structure: inner & outer membrane Outer – separates cytosol Inner – many folds Mitochondrial DNA –DNA THEORY: mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells; **fun fact: your mitochondria come from mom only!**

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus System of cisternae (tubes) stacked up Function: Manufactures, stores, sorts, ships Modify contents of nearby vesicles, give “address label,” transport to other parts of cell Structure: Two poles: Receiving – near ER Shipping – gives rise to new vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) System of cisternae – membranous tubes & sacs Function – make & move lipids & proteins from one part of cell to another Structure Rough ER – covered with ribosomes Smooth ER – no ribosomes

Chloroplast Structure: Double membrane Function: Site of photosynthesis; manufacture of glucose Structure: Double membrane Chlorophyll (pigment) stored in thylakoids for light capture

Centriole

Centrioles Animal cells ONLY! Organize cell structure during division 2 short cylinders of microtubules

Cilia & Flagella

Cell Wall Rigid layer surrounding cell Contains cellulose Pores let water, ions, and molecules enter and leave cell

Vesicles

Vesicles Small, spherical shaped sacs Function: Structure: Migrate to & merge with cell membrane Release contents outside of cell Structure: Single membrane Different types (lysosomes, peroxisomes) LYSOSOMES: bud from Golgi; contain digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules

Vacuole Membrane bound storage structures, contains fluid Types: Food – stores nutrients Contractile – contract, dispose of excess water

Organelles! Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

The Nucleus Most obvious structure; in eukaryotes Function: Structure: House & protect genetic information Controls most functions of cell Involved in cell division & protein formation Structure: Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus

Part of cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton Provides shape and support; all made of proteins 3 structural elements Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate fibers