October Revolution- 1917 “Lenin Takes Control” Promising “Peace, Land and Bread,” the Bolshevik revolution had wide appeal to a large number of Russians Peace- Leaving WWI Land- Breaking up big farms and distributing land Bread- economic prosperity

What happened to the Romanovs?

Civil War The treaty of Brest-Litovsk, gave Germany a lot of Russian territory angering many Russians In the summer of 1918, Lenin’s opponents organized a counter-revolution-Resulting in Civil War Red Army Led by General Leon Trotsky Communists Supported Lenin Successfully defended Petrograd White Army Led by Lavr Kornilev Anti-communist Counter-Revolutionaries Supported the Czar

War Communism Grain Redistribution Banning of Private Trade Effects: Nationalisation The state took control of the factories and appointed managers to run them. Work was hard and long, food was rationed to only those who worked and trade unions were banned. Labour Discipline Passports to prevent movement of workers Rationing Secret Police used to impose changes Effects: Deeply alienated many – including potential supporters Inefficient – ‘disincentivised’ work Peasants particularly alienated Drought and famine hit Russia in 1921 – over 4 million people died. Kronstadt Mutiny ‘Soviets without Communists’ rallying cry

War Communism during the Russian Civil War What is the cartoonist trying to say about the Russian Civil War?

New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin’s pragmatic about turn Features- Returned most of Economy to Capitalist Practices Grain Requisitioning abolished Tax in kind Could sell surpluses State maintained control of heavy industry But some small businesses allowed To allow products for peasants to buy Private Trade allowed Rationing abandoned General revival in economy Some saw NEP as a betrayal of communism and return to the old system.

New Economic Policy 1922-1927 What can you infer about the Soviet Union under New Economic Policy?

Retail/Restaurant Electricity Make $100,000 (beyond investment) Does not make profit; employees work for government and get paid by government Government takes $50,000 --- You either take 50,000 in a salary, or re-invest it your business Government uses grain to feed poor, sells leftovers at cheap prices Government uses profit to expand services, pay for things like electricity Government supplies as many people as it can with electricity either for free or below market cost

Lenin Restores Order Lenin changed the name of Russia to the USSR, or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and moved the capital to Moscow

New Economic Policy 1922-1927 What can you infer about the Soviet Union under New Economic Policy?

Retail/Restaurant Electricity Make $100,000 (beyond investment) Does not make profit; employees work for government and get paid by government Government takes $50,000 --- You either take 50,000 in a salary, or re-invest it your business Government uses grain to feed poor, sells leftovers at cheap prices Government uses profit to expand services, pay for things like electricity Government supplies as many people as it can with electricity either for free or below market cost

Just as the Economy Was Getting Better .....Lenin dies of a stroke

“The only real power comes out of a long rifle.” STALIN “Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.” Stalin would become a even more aggressive and totalitarian dictator that would reverse the capitalist tendencies of Lenin “The only real power comes out of a long rifle.”

It also deprives citizens of personal choice Command Economy: Economy planned and directed by government, where resources are distributed to factories by the government through central planning. (the GOVERNMENT decides who gets what) This system doesn’t respond to the desires of consumers or to sudden changes in conditions It also deprives citizens of personal choice

Five Year Plan With government control of the entire economy, Stalin wanted to industrialize Russia in 5 years Rather than producing consumer goods (what people want), Russian workers were forced to work at: Mining Energy Manufacturing Railroads Military production Agriculture

The 5 Year Plan Required: 250,000 tractors Oil fields to provide the necessary petrol to drive the machines Power stations to supply the farms with electricity. In 1928 Stalin Demanded: 111% increase in coal production 200% increase in iron production 335% increase in electric power Why? He claimed that without rapid industrialization, the U.S.S.R. would not be able to defend itself against an invasion from capitalist countries in the west.

Collectivization Stalin took away land from farmers and put it into “collectives,” where the government owns & controls it. Farmers had just won land in the revolution (peace, land and bread), and now their land was being taken by the government Stalin used brutal methods to accomplish this. Between 5 and 10 million farmers died and millions were sent to Siberian reform camps