Enlightenment and Monarchy Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts rise of Enlightened Despots - Rulers that use Enlightenment ideas to support rule Some rulers adopt Enlightenment values because they genuinely agree with them; others do so for pragmatic reasons – Usually a combination of both (Afraid of the Enlightenment and Charles I execution) Frederick II - King of Prussia - Reforms education and justice system Granted freedom of press/religious toleration Restructured currency to balance money depreciation following Seven Years War Protected Prussian industries with high tariffs – One of the Three Great Enlightenment Rulers Emperor Joseph II of Austria -Allowed freedoms of worship and the press Made elementary education mandatory for children Abolished serfdom - It was reinstated after his death One of the Three Great Enlightenment Rulers

Frederick the Great (“Old Fritz”) Joseph II of Austria

Created national bank- regulated Russian currency Catherine the Great—Enlightened ruler of Russia (1762–1796) Created national bank- regulated Russian currency Counteract currency devaluation Ordered educational institutes to be built - revamp schooling for Russian children Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens Patron to writers such as Voltaire and Diderot Expanded Russian Empire - took parts of Poland/obtained access to ports in the Black Sea Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs Catherine the great

Britain And Its American Colonies Britain’s American colonies grew during 1600s/1700s Colonies Thrived economically through trade with Europe Raw materials were sold to European markets to be manufactured into complete products – Triangular Trade Britain’s Navigation Act restricts that trade (1651) – limited trade only to Britain Other acts, like the Townshend and Sugar acts, tax the colonists on things like sugar, paint and lead Colonists identify less as British subjects – spent two centuries by themselves across the Atlantic Ocean building towns, cities, ports, industry

Americans Win Independence Britain and the American colonies win French and Indian War in 1763 – got Britain into debt, however It was fought over the fact that the English colonists were trying to expand into French territory War got Britain into debt protecting the colonies - Wanted the colonies to pay them back Britain taxed American colonists - Colonists upset with taxes because them because they’re not represented in Parliament when the acts (taxes) are passed Also passed the Quartering Act – American colonists have to house British soldiers Colonists protest tea tax with “Boston Tea Party” in 1773 – They went into Boston harbor dressed as Mohawk Indians and got onto a ship carrying boxes of British Tea. They threw the tea overboard into the water – cost hundreds/thousands of dollars Tensions increase until finally British and Americans exchange fire at Lexington and Concord in 1775 Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775) - Start of American Revolution The “Shot Heard Around the World” Americans Win Independence

Americans Win Independence (cont.) The Declaration of Independence (1776) - Written by Thomas Jefferson Outlined complaints of the colonists – what the King of England did that the colonists didn’t agree with Declared colonies free from Britain and they had the right to be free from tyrannical government (John Locke Idea – consent of the governed) Colonists have some advantages: Motivating cause of freedom – Unfairly taxed, had to quarter soldiers, etc. French assistance – Other countries contribute towards the end of the war War’s expense for Britain – increasing debt Due to joint French/Colonist maneuvers, the British are forced to surrender at Yorktown in 1781 – Treaty of Paris (1783) ends the Revolution Colonies recognized as independent nation – created the Articles of Confederation - Articles create legislature only, no executive or judicial branches, cannot tax the 13 states, president’s office has few official powers, etc.

The Federal System U.S. Constitution uses Separation of Powers: Revolutionary leaders wanted to avoid having a government that centralized all authority/power (absolute monarchies) Government – Has three branches: Legislative – Congress – designs and votes on laws for society Judicial – Supreme Court – tries cases according to what is found in the Constitution Executive – The Presidency – Executive leader and diplomat of the nation Leaders win support for Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights First 10 amendments to Constitution that protect freedoms At first, many revolutionary leaders were reluctant to sign on the Constitution because it didn’t promise to protect individual rights that were infringed upon by Britain (Anti-Federalists) Federalists in favor of the Constitution agreed to making a supplementary document that guaranteed the protection of said rights: Bill of Rights Modeled after the English Bill of Rights with some newer ideas from John Locke, Rousseau, etc.

Separation of Powers