Human Molecular Genetics

Human DNA Analysis Human DNA has ~6 billion base pairs. Impossible to know everything bases contain. Search through DNA using sequences of DNA bases.

Testing for Alleles Use labeled DNA probes Specific DNA base sequences that detect the complementary base sequences found in disease-causing alleles Changes in restriction enzymes cutting sites Differences between the lengths of normal and abnormal alleles

Genetic Tests Possible to determine whether prospective parents risk passing abnormal alleles to their offspring Pinpoint the exact genetic basis of a disorder Develop more effective treatment for individuals with genetic disorders

DNA Fingerprinting Analyze sections of DNA that have little or no known function but vary widely form one individual to another. Used to identify individuals. HOW? Cut small DNA sample with restriction enzyme. Separate the fragments with gel electrophoresis. Use a DNA probe to detect fragments with highly variable regions.

DNA Fingerprint

DNA Finger Print

Human Genome Project Began in 1990 with scientists in the U.S. and other countries. Analyze the human DNA sequence. Completed the genome for yeast & a fruit fly. In 2000, a working copy of the human genome was completed.

Human Genome Project

Gene Therapy Process of changing the gene that causes a genetic disorder. An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene. Unsure of how long the benefits will last.