the period from 1350 to 1550 in Europe, means “rebirth” rebirth of interest in art and learning Renaissance

more interest in this world than in religion and getting into heaven secular

Italy’s city-states grew wealthy through _____. trade

the most famous city of the Renaissance Florence

rich banking family from Florence, effectively ruled Florence Medici

famous for its “streets” – canals and waterways Venice

long narrow boats used for transportation in Venice gondolas

the diplomat who wrote The Prince in 1513 (claimed people were greedy and self-centered) Niccolò Machiavelli

the belief that the individual and human society are important humanism

famous scholar of ancient Roman writers Petrarch

the everyday language that people speak in an area vernacular

The Divine Comedy (story of the main character’s trip from heaven to hell) Dante Alighieri

developed a printing press with movable metal type Johannes Gutenburg

(Italian) one of the best scientists and artists of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci

artistic technique using light and shadows to soften edges chiaroscuro

three most famous painters of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti Raphael Sanzio

English playwright who wrote comedies and tragedies William Shakespeare

movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism Reformation

a pardon from the Church for a person’s sins indulgences

young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church Martin Luther

organized branch of Christianity denomination

first Protestant denomination Lutheranism

faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation Bible is final source for truth about God the church consists of all members (no pastoral mediation) Tenets of Lutheranism

_____ brutally crushed peasant revolts of the 1520s. Nobles

One reason Protestantism survived because some of Europe’s kings supported it

founder of Calvinism John Calvin

belief that the outcome of people’s lives are already determined by God predestination

Catholic attempt to convince people to return to the Catholic Church Counter-Reformation

a special school for training and educating priests seminary

French Protestants led by Henry of Navarre, head of the Bourbon family (Henry IV) Huguenots

considered worst religious war of the Reformation era Thirty Years’ War

married six queens, imprisoned and beheaded people, founded the Church of England (Anglican Church). Henry VIII

tried to return England to Catholicism – failed Mary I

Protestant queen who became one of the greatest rulers in English history Elizabeth I