Monday, 27 September Finish Ch 11 Endocrine System and Begin Ch 6 Nervous System Stress & cortisol Menopause and estrogens Acromegaly and growth hormone Lab this week: Endocrine Cases Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Working vocabulary Neurons and Glia Ionic basis of Resting Membrane Potential

1QQ # 9 for 8:30 class 1QQ # 9 for 9:30 class Why is radioactive iodine often the preferred treatment of persons with Grave’s Disease? Speculate what would happen to the thyroid gland of a person with endemic goiter who was given radioactive iodine? 1QQ # 9 for 9:30 class Explain why TRH and TSH levels are low in the plasma of persons with Grave’s Disease? Speculate what would happen to the thyroid gland of a person with endemic goiter who was given radioactive iodine?

STRESS CRH from Hypothalamus ACTH from Ant. Pit Physical trauma Prolonged exposure to cold Prolonged intense exercise Infection Sleep deprivation Pain Fright Emotional distress Vasopressin Cytokines from immune cells CRH from Hypothalamus Basal levels of Cortisol required for normal sensitivity to EPI; symptoms of excess cortisol are….. ACTH from Ant. Pit Clinical example: treatment of chronic inflammation (e.g. arthritis) can lead to Cushing’s Syndrome! ⇧Cortisol secretion from Adrenal Cortex Mobilize fuel from muscle & adipose tissue Suppress non-essential functions (reproduction & growth) Suppress inflammatory & immune responses Potentiates response to EPI (vascular smooth muscle) Cushing’s Syndrome Excess Cortisol from 1) adrenal cortex tumor (primary) or 2) hypersecretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary (secondary)

Applied Physiology: Menopause Widmaier text p. 694 Onset ~ age 50 Irregular menstrual cycles Breasts and genital organs gradually atrophy Decrease in bone mass & strength (osteoporosis) (bone resorption greater than bone deposition) Hot flashes…sweating, etiology unknown Increased incidence of coronary artery disease

Menopause, continued. Caused by ovarian failure….loss of estrogen Estrogen has protective function for cardiovascular system and sustains bone Diagnosis Test estrogen levels Test FSH levels….interpretation if high? Treatment Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Risk of HRT: increased incidence of breast cancer & uterine endometrial cancer Advantages: alleviates symptoms, restores cardiovascular protection, sustains bone density

Age 16, 33, 52 S 4 No Relation!

Compare to Pituitary Gigantism Acromegaly S 5 Excessive growth of bones and soft tissues of face and hands, and feet. Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone from adenohypophysis or ectopic tumor in adults Treatment? Transphenoidal resection/ablation with focal radiation Somatostatin analogs GH receptor blockers GHRH SS GH Compare to Pituitary Gigantism

Neurons? Endocrine cells? Neuroendocrine cells? 11.11.jpg Neurons and endocrine cells are very involved in homeostasis. To Chapter 6!