Avian Influenza from a perspective of OIE APEC CAPACITY BUILDING SEMINAR ON AVIAN INFLUENZA: Preventing AI at its Source and a Dialogue on Indemnity Hoi An, Vietnam 12-13 September 2006 T. Fujita OIE Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific Tokyo, Japan

Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ OIE at a glance HPAI disease profile HPAI occurrences Control measures of HPAI at Source OIE priority concepts for HPAI prevention and control OIE programmes of HPAI prevention and control Conclusions

The OIE World Organisation for Animal Health an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924 by 28 countries predates the UN 167 Member Countries headquarters in Paris 5 Regional Representatives (Tokyo, Japan for Asia and the Pacific)

Functions of OIE Intergovernmental Organization for Animal Health improvement worldwide Provide Scientific Information, International Standards of the prevention and control of animal diseases, including zoonosis, such as HPAI (HPAI Chapter in the OIE Code) Provide expertise for capacity building of National Veterinary Services Safeguard international trade in animals and animal products (International Standard Setting Organization – by WTO) Encourage the strengthening of legislation and resources Promotion of Animal Production Food Safety and Animal Welfare, by ensuring animal health and adopting international rules

OIE International Standards International Standards on disease prevention and control, diagnosis and surveillance for assessment of animal health status -for good governance on animal health and worldwide reference - Keep quality of and supports to the development of National Veterinary Services and to the legal framework, policies and strategies of animal health *OIE Code (including AI Chapter; Safe international trade and development of disease control) *OIE Manual (internationally agreed diagnostic tests and vaccines) *Recommendations

OIE’s international standards

OIE Early Warning System (1) from 1 January 2005 immediate notification and follow-up reports to report Diseases Obligations of Member Countries based on Infections Other epidemiological events

OIE Early Warning System (2) MCs shall send to the OIE Central Bureau within 24 hours, information on any of the following events: first occurrence of a listed disease and/or infection in a country or zone/compartment re-occurrence of a listed disease and/or infection in a country or zone/compartment, following a report declaring the outbreak ended first occurrence of a new strain of a pathogen in a country or zone/compartment (to be cont’d)

OIE Early Warning System (3) a sudden and unexpected increase in the distribution, incidence, morbidity or mortality of a disease prevalent within a country or zone/compartment an emerging disease with significant morbidity or mortality, or zoonotic potential evidence of change in the epidemiology of a listed disease (including host range, pathogenicity, strain) in particular if there is a zoonotic impact

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) HPAI disease profile Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Firstly reported in some countries in S.E. Asia and East Asia in 2003 Continuously occurred in Asia Negative impacts and threats to human and animal health HPAI likely established its foothold in Asia, and the viruses persistent and circulating in the environment in some countries in the region Spread widely, not only in Asia but also in other regions; including the Middle East, Europe and Africa HPAI: now, the worldwide concern, due to the wide spread and occurrences in various countries in the world, giving serious socio-economic consequences

HPAI Official Reports to OIE by country Limited H5N1 since 2003 (29 August 2006) Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, China (People’s Rep. of), Cote d’ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong (SARPRC), Hungary, Kazakhstan, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea (Rep. of), Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Palestinian Auton. Territories, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vietnam Total 56 countries/territories including Asia Obtainable from OIE-Info Distribution List

OIE-Info Distribution List OIE established an electronic mailing list 2. To improve the efficiency and rapidity of the exchange of animal information, especially for early warning purposes 3. Used to disseminate animal disease emergency messages received from Member Countries 4. Open to any institution or person interested in receiving information on animal health from the OIE

OUTBREAKS OF H5N1 IN ANIMALS ~December 2005 ~December 2005 (only wild birds) Continuing from 2003 Continuing from 2003 (only wild birds) 2006 January~ 2006 January~ (only wild birds)

OUTBREAKS ~December 2005 (Subtype H5)

OUTBREAKS January 2006~ Continuing (Subtype H5)

Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1); WHO Country Total Cases Deaths Azerbaijan 8 5 Cambodia 6 China 21 14 Djibouti 1 Egypt Indonesia 60 46 Iraq 2 Thailand 24 16 Turkey 12 4 Viet Nam 93 42 241 141 23 August 2006: WHO reports only laboratory-confirmed cases.

Control of HPAI at source Controlling and reducing the disease occurrence at source - Crucial for (1)Eradication of the disease, (2)Preventing the further spread to other countries/regions, and the introduction/re-introduction of HPAI (3)Reducing risks to humans and animals (4)Reducing risks to industry (production) and impediments of domestic marketing and of international trade (5) Reducing social fears and speculations

Reduce the threat to the minimum by Rapid reduction of the viral load and its circulation in poultry (at source) Through the effective mechanisms of early detection (reliable diagnosis) and transparent and timely notification of HPAI Effective surveillance in domestic poultry and wild birds 4. Rapid responses to contain the disease 5. Humane slaughter of sick and in-contact birds 6. Resort to the utilization of vaccines (produced in compliance with the International Standards=OIE Manual), in at-high-risk countries

Capacity building of National Veterinary Services Consolidate effective legal framework including notification of suspected cases of disease Apply more quick and reliable diagnosis and disease surveillance, and rapid response for control Contain the disease as soon as possible

Public awareness Further development needed Provide scientific information about the disease (to control the disease more effectively, and to reduce their fears and speculation)

Control measures of HPAI (1) Control of HPAI has recently become a more complex issue. – unprecedented and almost worldwide spread Increased serious human and animal health implications Need to develop control measures complementary to a STAMPING OUT policy Early detection of the disease followed by a rapid response

Control measures of HPAI (2) 5. High level of awareness among veterinarians and producers 6. High quality of Veterinary Services in compliance with OIE International Standards of quality of Vet.Services 7. Compensation as a strong point of discussions to control the disease – encouraging reporting and notification of the disease by bird owners 8. Control strategies based on combination of Stamping-out, movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, reliable diagnosis and surveillance and emergency vaccination at high risk countries

Vaccination Vaccination as an additional measure aimed primarily at a reduction of viral replication and viral shedding. A good vaccination programme may raise the levels of protective flock immunity and increase resistance to infection, minimizing the negative impacts on poultry production and decreasing potential economic losses. Vaccine production in compliance with the OIE International Standard (OIE Manual) Post vaccination monitoring Decision of use of vaccination strategies by National governments in line with the epidemiological situation and dialogue with stakeholders

Important mechanism of facilitating the control of HPAI at source Strengthening of National Veterinary Services for early detection of and a rapid response to the HPAI Regional and International alliance to tackle HPAI in an efficient manner - transboundary nature of the disease - difficulties for combating the disease by a single country Needs to have close collaboration with partners and stakeholders

OIE priority concepts for HPAI prevention and control (1) Veterinary Services: International public good concept Setting up of International Standards for good Governance and Quality of Veterinary Services (including legislations) Relevant infrastructures and resources of Veterinary Services for strict implementation of legislation Early detection and Rapid Response (including transparent and timely Notification) Reliability of rapid diagnostic confirmation of suspects, and Surveillance (OIE Standards on laboratory procedures)

OIE priority concepts for HPAI prevention and control (2) Stamping out under OIE animal welfare standards and pathogen confinement Safety of movements of animals and animal products (and Zoning and Compartmentalization) When and how to use vaccines (Vaccine Quality: OIE Manual for vaccine manufacturing) Bio-security measures Evaluation of Veterinary Services Sustainability of resources invested

OIE collaboration programmes (1) OIE Reference Laboratories *157 World Ref. Labs; in 30 countries cover 80 diseases and topics *Centres of expertise and standardisation to other laboratories and to OIE *Avian Influenza Labs. 6 for Avian Influenza Labs. worldwide; 2 in Asia and Pacific (Australia and Japan)

OIE collaboration programmes (2) OIE Collaborating Centres 15 Collaborating Centres in 7 countries centres of expertise to OIE and Member Countries on generic issues help develop procedures to harmonise international animal disease regulations coordinate collaborative studies provide training organise scientific meetings for the OIE

OIE collaboration programmes (3) OIE/FAO OFFLU network (synergies on research and scientific information) and WHO Laboratories interface, OIE/FAO/WHO GLEWS OIE Collaboration with other International, Regional Organizations including FAO, WHO, WTO, World Bank, ASEAN, SAARC, SPC, etc. International and Regional Meetings on AI (such as OIE/FAO/WHO meetings, the Geneva Meeting and the Beijing Pledge meeting)

OFFUL? OFFUL: OIE/FAO Network on Avian Influenza, 2005 Objectives; - offer veterinary expertise to assist in the control of AI - develop Research on AI - collaborate with the WHO Influenza Network on issues relating to the animal-human interface

Activities of the Special Trust Fund Project Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Project in S.E. Asia (1) Activities of the Special Trust Fund Project To encourage the improvement of regional and national HPAI control strategies including the development of contingency plans 2. To encourage HPAI information sharing to further strengthen regional early warning systems 3. To strengthen diagnostic capacity of regional collaborating laboratories and national reference/diagnostic laboratories for HPAI including the holding of training courses on advanced HPAI diagnosis and installment of high performance diagnostic equipment and materials 4. To train field veterinarians and para-professionals on HPAI strategic surveillance

OIE Project Coordinator ＯＩＥ/Japan Special Trust Fund Project for HPAI Control in Southeast Asia (2) Government of Japan OIE Paris FAO Coordination Committee & Steering Committee OIE Tokyo FAO Bangkok OIE Project Coordinator Regional Level Development of Regional Control Strategies Capacity building: Software; ①Support to Control Strategy Development, ②Capacity building of diagnosis and surveillance, etc., ③Training for Field veterinarians and para-professionals on strategic surveillance (meetings, hands-on workshops, etc.), ④Information sharing Hardware; Provision of laboratory diagnostic equipment and materials for capacity building Development of Information System National Level Development of National Strategies and Training

Japan/OIE Project to control HPAI in Southeast Asia (3) <Linkages with GF-TADs> 5. Strong linkage of the Japan/OIE Project to control HPAI with GF-TADs 6. HPAI in Southeast Asia as one of the targeted diseases under GF-TADs (FAO/OIE Global Framework for progressive control of Transboudary Animal Diseases, with participation of WHO) to provide the forum for regional alliance and partnerships, capacity building and support to the national project formulation 7. GF-TADs Regional Steering Committee; representing the structure coordinating animal health programmes in the Region 8. Permanent Secretariat: OIE Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific based in Tokyo, Japan 9. OIE works with Member Countries in close collaboration with FAO and WHO

Conclusion (1) Need to pay more attention to and to strengthen preparedness and public awareness for Emerging Transboundary animal diseases (including HPAI); lots of possibility of disease transmission in the world Appropriate Measures to be undertaken, including 1. Strengthening National Veterinary Services 2. Transparent and timely notification of disease 3. Development of Disease Control Strategies (including legislation) 4. Capacity building of Diagnosis and Surveillance (laboratory staff, Field Veterinarians, Para-Professionals, etc.) 5. Narrowing gaps between legal framework and enforcement 6. A more global/regional approach to implement Strategies

Conclusion (2) Conclusion (2) Closer working linkages between animal and public health (in case of Zoonoses) Closely working with Partner Organizations; e.g.FAO, WHO and other UN systems, and Regional Organizations such as ASEAN, SAARC and SPC. OIE works for regional/global animal health improvement, including disease control and preparedness, by providing Scientific Information, International Standards, Technical support, Capacity Building, etc.

Thank you for your attention!!! OIE Tokyo