“Land Between the Rivers”

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The Ancient Hebrews and the Origins of Judaism

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Presentation transcript:

“Land Between the Rivers” Mesopotamia “Land Between the Rivers”

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews Preserved historical experiences in sacred writings Group Distinction Hebrews Spoke Hebrew language Israelites Hebrews who settled in Palestine (1200 BCE) Jews Descendants from southern Israel who settled in Judah

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews Abraham from Sumerian city of Ur-> moved to northern Mesopotamia (1850 BCE) Early Hebrews Nature spirits inhabit trees, rocks, mountains Deities as patrons and protectors of the clans Recognize deities, values, and customs of Mesopotamia- lex talionis Flood story common to other peoples in Mesopotamia Suggests they participated in Mesopotamian society

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews Monotheism- belief in one god Hebrews inhabit land from Mesopotamia to Egypt-> migrate to Egypt and are enslaved

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews Moses Believes in Yahweh- supremely powerful deity, creator, sustainer of the world Yahweh is personal god, followers worship him and observe high moral standards Mesopotamian gods seen as imposters/false idols Ten Commandments- religious and ethical principals that Moses announced to Israelites Hebrews establish elaborate law code after Moses’ death Protect widows, orphans, slaves, poor Torah- holy scriptures in a compilation of teachings and laws Reward and punishment to individuals and community

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 1300 BCE- Led out of Egypt to Palestine-> form 12 tribes (Israelites) Live in hills of Palestine after 1200 BCE Fought with other inhabitants of Palestine Abandoned 12 tribes for monarchy

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews Form several small kingdoms after 1000 BCE King David (1000-970 BCE) King Solomon (970-930 BCE) Built temple instead of ziggurat to honor Yahweh Dominated from Syria to Sinai Peninsula Interact, fight, and intermarry with neighboring peoples Capital city of Jerusalem-> diplomatic and commercial relationship with Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia Create iron tools and weapons Sometimes worship other gods

Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests After King Solomon, tribal tensions lead to community division Large kingdom of Israel in north Small kingdom of Judah in Judea in the south Assyrian rulers conquer Israel (722 BCE) New Babylonian Empire defeats Assyrians conquer Judah Destroy Jerusalem (586 BCE) Israelites in north and Judeans in south exiled Judeans maintain identity and return to Judea as Jews

Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests In turmoil, Israelites increase devotion to Yahweh Prophets (900-600 BCE) encourage and criticize Israelites Materialism Neglect needy Worship fertility gods and nature deities Israelites saw conquests and proof of Yahweh’s punishment

Early Jewish Community Returning Judeans organize small Jewish states within great empires (600 BCE) Develop distinctive religious community Special relationship with Yahweh Devotion to Torah’s teachings Concerns for justice and righteousness