Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 105-115 (June 2015) Fluoride and aluminium disturb neuronal morphology, transport functions, cholinesterase, lysosomal and cell cycle activities  Ibukun Dorcas Akinrinade, Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu, Olalekan Michael Ogundele  Pathophysiology  Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 105-115 (June 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Cresyl fast violet staining showing cytoarchitecture of cell bodies. Panels (a and e) show representative figures for control group at 100× and 400×, respectively, with cell bodies and membranes appearing intact. Panels (b–d and f–h) are representative images for treatment groups (L-NaF, L-Al, L-NaF/Al, H-NaF, H-Al, H-NaF/Al, respectively), showing neuronal shrinkage (b, c, f and g), such that some nuclei become eosinophilic, pyknotic and move to cell margin indicating karyolysis. Nuclei fragmentation is seen (d and f), increased vacoular spaces (an evidence of cell swelling and degeneration) (c, f and g) and ghost like appearance of cell body (h). Graph (i) shows significant reduction in diameter of neuronal cell body in L-NaF (p<0.01) and in H-NaF, L-Al, H-Al, L-NaF/Al, H-NaF/Al (p<0.001) when compared with the control group. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 105-115DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Biochemical estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Panel (a) and (b) show alterations in ALP activity in the blood and brain tissues, respectively. p<0.05 (*) and p<0.001 (***) indicate statistical significance when compared with the control group, p<0.01 (##) and p<0.001 (###) indicate statistical significance when compared with the L-NaF group, and p<0.01 (++) and p<0.001 (+++) indicate statistical significance when each low dose group is compared with its corresponding high dose group. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 105-115DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by fluoride and aluminium in the prefrontal cortex. Panel (a) shows quantitative measure of AChE expression with a significant inhibition in L-Al and H-NaF/Al groups (p<0.01) and in H-Al and L-NaF/Al groups (p<0.05) when compared with control group. Significant inhibition (p<0.05) in AChE expression is also observed in L-Al group when compared with L-NaF group (a). Panel (b) shows representative AChE histochemical staining in the prefrontal cortex. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 105-115DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Brain cyclin D expression. Panel (a) shows quantitative measure of cyclin D expression with H-Al and H-NaF/Al groups (p<0.01) as well as L-Al and H-NaF/Al groups (p<0.05), respectively, showing significant increases in percentage intensity when compared with the control group. Panel (b) shows representative images of cyclin D immunoreactivity. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 105-115DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Brain cathepsin D expression. Graphical illustration (a) shows the number of cathepsin D positive cells and (b) shows the percentage of cathepsin D immunoreactivity. p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**), p<0.001 (***) and p<0.0001 (****) indicate statistically significant increase when compared with the control group and p<0.05 (#), p<0.01 (##) and p<0.001 (###) indicate statistically significant increase when compared with the L-NaF group. Panel (c) shows representative images of cathepsin D immunoreactivity. Pathophysiology 2015 22, 105-115DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.03.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions