The Rise of Democratic Ideas 2016 Prologue Notes The Rise of Democratic Ideas 2016

Hammurabi's Code of Law One of the earliest Code’s of Law that influences us today.

Athens, Greece Democracy: “rule of the People” Did not want to be ruled by authoritarian rulers Citizens were the men who owned land or that had certain rights Direct democracy: citizens make and pass laws (citizen participation) Pericles made reforms to get poor people to serve in government paid jurors and public officials Three branches of government: Executive Legislative Judicial

Rome developed a republic 509 BC set up a republic Citizens had the right to elect leaders, PARTICIPATION Voting of free males Twelve Tables: 451 BC written code of laws Senate: legislative

Basics of Roman Law: Equal treatment under the law Innocent until proven guilty Burden of proof rests on the accuser rather than the accused Any law that seems unreasonable or unfair can set aside

Code of Justinian, A.D. 528 Today’s laws can be traced back Codification of Roman Law New (for the time) uniform legal code Impacted all of Western Europe

Judeo-Christian Tradition Judaism (one God) – a dignity and worth of the individual, because each person has the potential to be the savior (a divine spark); combat oppression through community involvement Christianity: Jesus emphasized God’s personal relationship with individuals; equality of all people; combat oppression Paul stressed the essential equality of all human beings, a belief central to democracy.

Judeo-Christian Tradition Christianity spread through Roman Empire Constantine, Roman Emperor: made Christianity official religion of Rome Diaspora: spreading of Jews throughout the world Pax Romana: Roman Peace…spread Christianity

Ten Commandments God gave them to the Jews Laws dealing with moral and ethical rather than politics

Renaissance Renaissance: “rebirth” Rebirth of old Greece and Roman stuff (democracy) Worth of the individual

Reformation To reform the Catholic Church Protested teachings Emphasis on people reading and understanding God’s word for themselves If a person can think for himself about going to heaven, then he can also think for himself and learn to govern

England William the Conqueror, 1066 Start of democratic type stuff Juries and Common Law (customs & principles established over time) Magna Carta Limits on kings power King cannot tax without consent King cannot raise an army or quarter troops

England Habeas Corpus: charge and bring to court; it's in the US Constitution Petition of Right, 1628: against absolute monarchy, important in influencing future constitutions

Magna Carta, 1215 Treaty between King John and the barons (nobility) Major source for English individual rights and liberties 800th anniversary Defined and limited the kings authority Monarchs had to govern according to law, not arbitrarily Declared Rights of “free men” (property holding men) Due process of the law Idea of God Given Rights… US Constitution Monarch could only tax with consent

Parliament grows stronger King had to go through parliament to get taxes passed Petition of Right: 1628 No taxation without consent of Parliament Could not illegally imprison citizens (due process of law) No housing of troops in citizen’s home No army in peacetime

Glorious Revolution William and Mary of Orange were invited to be dual monarchs Signed the English Bill of Rights, 1689 Limited monarchy power No martial law No tax without Parliament consent Can’t raise an army in peace time Freedom of speech Influenced colonies Influenced U.S. Bill of Rights

Enlightenment Enlightenment: principles of reason and science At the same time, Age of Exploration, Scientific Revolution Equality and value of all people

Enlightenment Philosophers Hobbes: liked absolute monarchy , but he described social contract (agreement among members of society to submit to a ruler) Locke: people have right to rebel. LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY Government comes from the people, self- government Natural rights (GOD given)

Enlightenment Philosophers Rousseau: philosopher, “government came from the consent of the governed” advocated democracy… The Social Contract Montesquieu: philosopher “liberty is a natural right”; separation of powers (3 branches)

US Constitution It has affected, inspired, and modeled democracy around the world for more than 200 years Representative government Federal system: national and state governments (layers of govt) Checks and balances Separation of powers (3 branches)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen French Revolution, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Democracy is difficult to acheive

Most people now think democracy is the best form of government Modern times Most people now think democracy is the best form of government After the breakup of the Soviet Union, 15 new republics were formed