Biotic and Abiotic Factors Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Biotic and Abiotic Factors How would something be classified as “Biotic”? They must be composed of cells. Complex organization patterns are found in all living organisms (i.e., cell  tissue  organ…) Living organisms use energy. Living organisms must maintain a state of homeostasis. All organisms develop and change over time. All organisms have the potential to reproduce, either sexually or asexually.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Biotic and Abiotic Factors Bio Biotic The living factors in an organism’s environment Abiotic The nonliving factors in an organism’s environment Abio

Levels of Organization Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Levels of Organization Just to review, let’s start with the atom… Atom  Molecule  Organelle  Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organism  Population  Biological Community  Ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere

Ecological Levels of Organization Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Ecological Levels of Organization Organism: An individual Population: Individual organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time. Biological Community: A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.

Levels of Organization Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Levels of Organization Ecosystem: A biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. Biome: A large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. Biosphere: All biomes together; the Earth

Ecosystem Interactions Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Ecosystem Interactions Habitat: An area where an organism lives Niche: The role or position that an organism has in its environment

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche “By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism's ‘address’, and the niche is its ‘profession’, biologically speaking.”

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor. Limiting factor: Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment. Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors- Amount of water Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors- Amount of water Amount of food Temperature Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

Feeding Relationships Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Feeding Relationships There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer  Consumer 2. Predator  Prey 3. Parasite  Host

Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Autotroph: An organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. (Producer) Heterotroph: An organism that gets its energy requirements by consuming other organisms. (Consumer)

Different types of Heterotrophs Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Different types of Heterotrophs Herbivore: Eats only plants (Deer, rabbits, grasshoppers, etc.) Carnivore: Prey on other heterotrophs (Wolves, lions, cats, etc.) Scavengers feed on carrion (dead animals) (Hyenas, vultures, some crabs, etc.) Omnivore: Eat both plants and animals (Bears, humans, mockingbirds, etc.) Detritivores: Eat fragments of dead matter (Earthworms, millipedes, etc.) Decomposers: Chemically breaks down dead matter (Bacteria and fungi)

Symbiotic relationships Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Symbiotic relationships Mutualism: When both organisms benefit Lichens Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed. Epiphytes (i.e., Bromeliads) Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other. Parasitoid wasp eggs on a tomato hornworm

Community Interactions Part 1 Review: Organisms and their Relationships Community Interactions Competition: More than one organism uses a resource at the same time. Predation: The act of one organism consuming another organism for food. Symbiosis: The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together. Niche competition Carnivore Mutualism

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Trophic Levels: Each step in a food chain or food web. Autotrophs always make up the first trophic level in ecosystems. Heterotrophs make up the remaining levels

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Food chains: A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

Models of Energy Flow Food webs: Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Food webs: A model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows.

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Ecological pyramids: A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Biomass: The total mass of living matter at each trophic level

What does your graph tell you? Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem What does your graph tell you?

Cycling of Matter Cycles in the Biosphere Part 3: Cycling of Matter Cycling of Matter Cycles in the Biosphere Natural processes cycle matter through the atmosphere The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle. Bio: Involves living things Geo: Geological Processes Chemical: Chemical Processes

Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Short term cycle Part 3: Cycling of Matter Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Short term cycle Autotrophs use CO2 for ____________. Heterotrophs produce CO2 during ________ __________. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Part 3: Cycling of Matter Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Long term cycle: Fossil Fuels Organic matter is buried underground and converted to peat, coal, oil or gas deposits. 5.5 billion tons are burned each year and 3.3 billion tons stay in the atmos- phere, the rest dissolves in sea water* http://www.ucar.edu/ (The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Part 3: Cycling of Matter Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and traps heat in the atmosphere. http://www.ucar.edu/ (The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

Cycling of Matter Nitrogen Cycle Part 3: Cycling of Matter Cycling of Matter Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen comprises the bulk of the atmosphere (approximately 78%). Most of it is unusable.