Make inferences and draw conclusions based on evidence in text. Making Inferences SPI 3002.5.1 Make inferences and draw conclusions based on evidence in text.

Inference An Inference is an educated guess based on the reading and/or facts in a passage or picture.

Inference Take what you know and make a guess! Inference Take what you know and make a guess! Draw personal meaning from text (words) or pictures. Use clues to come to your own conclusion.

Make an Inference! What does this image tell me?

Question… What did I already know that helped me make that inference? Question… What did I already know that helped me make that inference? Did I use picture or written clues?

Help Me Make an Inference! Help Me Make an Inference!

More Questions… Did you use words, graphs, or picture clues to help you make a guess about what that cartoon meant?

Try Again! Can he draw more than tigers? Look up words you don’t know!

Make 1 more Inference

How Do Good Readers Make Inferences? How Do Good Readers Make Inferences? They use: Word/text clues Picture clues Define unknown words Look for emotion (feelings) Use what they already know Look for explanations for events ASK themselves questions!

Make Another Inference Make Another Inference Miss White has recess duty. Jacob finds a frog, picks it up, and runs over to show it to Miss White. Miss White screams, jumps, and runs as fast as she can into the school. What can you infer from this passage? What are the “clues” in this passage?

Authors vs. Readers Authors Imply, Readers Infer. Authors vs. Readers Authors Imply, Readers Infer. Authors make implications that readers have to infer. What do I mean by these statements? Good Readers are Detectives who are always looking out for clues to help them better understand stories and pictures.

Working with Analogies SPI 5.2 Choose a logical word to complete an analogy. 

Analogies An analogy is a comparison of certain similarities between things which are otherwise unlike.

Analogies test your ability to: Recognize the relationship between the words in a word pair Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

Old Young

To answer an analogy question you must: Recognize the relationship between the words in the given word pair Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

Analogies look like this: Up:Down ::Over:Under Up is to Down as Over is to Under

In what ways could these pairs of words be related? The relationship will always have to do with the meaning of the words I get it…they are opposites!

Examples of possible relationships in an analogy: Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function

Here is one example of Synonym relationships: Infant:Baby::Grown-Up: _________? Infant:Baby::Grown-Up:Adult Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Antonym relationships: Big:Small::Full:_______? Big:Small::Full:Empty Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Part to Whole relationships: Wheel:Car::Branch:_______? Wheel:Car::Branch:Tree Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Member to Category relationships: Apple:Fruit::Carrot:_______? Apple:Fruit::Carrot:Vegetable Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Object to Function relationships: Truck:Transport::Oven:______? Truck:Transport::Oven:bake Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship? Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function PLATOON:SOLDIER HOT:SCALDING STARVATION:BINGING GILLS:BREATHING PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING SOCCER:SPORT Let’s practice recognizing relationships. Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon) Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding) Antonym Object to function - gills are used to breathe Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing Member to category- soccer is a type of sport

PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship? Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function b PLATOON:SOLDIER HOT:SCALDING STARVATION:BINGING GILLS:BREATHING PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING SOCCER:SPORT e a f Let’s practice recognizing relationships. Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon) Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding) Antonym Object to function - gills are used to breathe Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing Member to category- soccer is a type of sport a c

Approaches that may be helpful in answering analogy questions: Try to determine the precise relationship between the words in the given pair Form a sentence that captures the relationship between the two words Then look for the answer choice containing the word pair whose relationship is closest to that of the given pair and can be expressed in a similar fashion

Helpful Approaches con’t: Pay attention to the order of the words in the pair Pay attention to the parts of speech The relationships you need to explain will be constant relationships Analogy questions are vocabulary intensive Remember that a single word can have several different meanings Never decide on the best answer without reading all the answer choices Practice recognizing and formulating relationships between word pairs

Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can Slice : Core Butterfly: Insect Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.” Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words. Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A butterfly s a type of insect.

Example Butterfly:Insect APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can Slice : Core Butterfly:Insect Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.” Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words. Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A carrot is a type of vegetable.

Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose Knife : Cut Mistake : Erase Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific. Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

Example Knife : Cut PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose Knife : Cut Mistake : Erase Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific. Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

Practice Large : Big:: Remember : Forget Triumph: Success Nostril : Smell Audio : Hear E. Glasses : See

Practice Triumph: Success Large : Big:: Remember : Forget Nostril : Smell Audio : Hear E. Glasses : See

Practice Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run Mars : Venus Stick : Hockey Player Basketball: Hoop

Practice Stick : Hockey Player Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run Mars : Venus Stick : Hockey Player Basketball: Hoop

Practice Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Ride : Rode Left : Arrived Did : Had Done See : Seen

Practice Ride : Rode Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Left : Arrived Did : Had Done See : Seen

Cause and Effect Mark was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school. Cause Effect

A cause is what makes something happens A cause is what makes something happens. To find the cause, you need to ask yourself , “What happened first?”. An effect is what happens because of something else (the cause). To find the effect, you need to ask yourself, “What happened second?”. The boy was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school. What happened first? The boy wasn’t on green at school. (This is the cause) What happened second? The boy was grounded. (This is the effect)

There are signal words that will help you to identify the two parts of a cause/effect relationship. The most common signal words are: because, if, when, so, then. Mark was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school. In the sentence above, the word because signals a cause-effect relationship.

It got dark because the sun went down. Now, let’s try to identify some cause-effect relationships. In the following sentences, click on either the cause or the effect. Remember, the cause is the first part of a cause-effect relationship and the effect is the second part. Click the cause in the following sentence. It got dark because the sun went down.

You Got It!

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Click on the cause in the sentence below. My sister was scared of the mouse, so she yelled for help.

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Click the cause in the sentence below. The dog dug a hole so he could bury his bone.

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Click the cause in the sentence below. Mark was tired, so he fell asleep in class.

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Click the cause in the sentence below. If you study hard, you will pass the test.

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Click the effect in the sentence below. When the light said, “Walk,” the man crossed the street.

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Click the effect in the sentence below. The boy was surprised when the rocker began to move.

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Click the effect in the sentence below. My mom was hot, so she turned on the fan.

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Click the effect in the sentence below. The player was angry so he jumped on the referee.

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Click the effect in the sentence below. When the wolf left, the pig popped his head out of the can.

You Got It!

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Congratulations!!!!!!! You are now a Cause/Effect Expert!!!!!

CHOICE BOARD SELECT 1 activity that gives you practice with: a. Analogies b. Inferences c. Cause & Effect Use the notes and other resources to help you if needed.

Ticket Out the Door