PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management Week Eight

And the North Needs Help Too: NGOs and Foreign Aid

And Satire is Still Important Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy

More Meet the Authors

Susan George, Born in 1934- Basic Needs and Socialism Born in Akron Ohio and lives in a Chateau in France

Michael Edwards: “Mr. NGO” Ford Foundation Senior Executive and Advocate for NGOs and Development

Samuel P. Huntington, (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) Harvard University

Governance Themes Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories- Measured against Civil Society Samuel Huntington Monte Palmer Jorge Luis Borges V.S. Naipaul Michela Wrong

It starts with The Roman Empire

The Focus of the Week ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF NGOs

Prologue- World Bank Mission Local Governance and Civil Society in Guinea Conakry (Stakeholder Analysis- March, 2006) A Collapsed State: (1960-2015) Creation of a Poverty Alleviation Fund- includes Micro-Credit Design Capacity for Service Delivery Need for Predictable Governance and stable Civil Society

III. Civil Society and Governance Civil Society: Definition Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

Civil Society Definition: "Beyond the family but short of the state” Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests "Beyond the family but short of the state” - Hegel "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship” - First vs. Second and Third generation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

In the Beginning: A TWO MINUTE HISTORY

“Socio-economic Status and Seniority in the New Jersey Brigade” 1775

Andrew Carnegie championed the idea of strategic philanthropy: he thought it was better to give people a fishing rod than a fish.

Sometimes a Great Notion

Decentralization and Civil Society: A Grassroots Perspective Governance / Democracy NGOs Women’s Focused Groups Target Group Communication and Support Civic Education Rural Credit Rural Industries Land Grassroots Organizations

State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Weak Strong SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE State-mezzo Weak Strong Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State Civil Society - Micro Weak Strong Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Civil Society—Our Definition? Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

The Principle

The Goal Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie Bottom up and interactive Village development committees vs. local planning officers Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

Potential Development Themes Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement. At the Grassroots

Community Dynamics

Ten Minute Break

Tie Ins: NGOs, Civil Society and Governance 1. The Failed State 2. Decentralized Governance 3. Reconceptualization of Governance 4. Human Rights

Tie ins to NGOs 5. Development Promotion 6. Micro-Credit 7. Nature of the Beast

GOVERNANCE ISSUES IMPACT NGO WORK THE TIE IN-1 Failure of the State System GOVERNANCE ISSUES IMPACT NGO WORK

The Hard State

Political Cartoon Remembering the 1960s (Hard vs. Soft States)

TIE IN-2 NGOs and Civil Society Tie into Decentralized Governance

Civil Society as a Dependent Variable

Tie In-3

GOVERNANCE AND TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP

World Ethnic Divisions

Northern Pakistan

Tamil Protests and Sri Lanka’s Political Future

Tie In- 4- Human Rights Issues Review Civil Society and Human Rights "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship" (Anonymous) Issue: First vs. Second and Third generation Human Rights and Civil Society

War, Drought, Agricultural Failure Origins- Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster War, Drought, Agricultural Failure Focus on Rural Development Human Rights Focus on Governance

Tie In 5: Rural Development Promotion

Types of “Development” NGOs Grassroots associations (local or village based) Advocacy groups Public Service Contractors

Types of “Development” NGOs Philanthropy vs. Charity Relief and Welfare Societies Public Service Contractors Populist based development agencies (national)

Tie In-6: The Popularity of Micro-credit Ann Dunham- Micro-credit specialist VIDEO

Micro-Credit is currently quite popular

Micro-Credit Project in Ethiopia

Tie in 7- NGOs--The Nature of the Beast Non-Profits vs. For Profits Not for Profits- More value directed Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Foundations

NGOs- THE NATURE OF THE BEAST

Civil Society Structures-1 NGOs, CBOs, (Community Based Orgs.) PVOs (Private Voluntary Organizations: Who do they represent? Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality) Groups- Role of ethnicity, religion and class, vs. individual rights

NGOs-The Nature of the Beast-2 Civic Associations (Civics) Interest Groups Quangos Trade Unions Religious Organizations

International NGOs- Care Catholic Relief Services Save the Children Amnesty International Oxfam

Happy Talk?

Civil Society Structures-The Darker Side Privatization as an NGO issue (Compete with Private Sector) Corporatism vs. Clientelism (NGOs vulnerable) Organic VS. Individualist nature of society (Vincent Ostrom) (Civil Society sometimes seen as collectivist) Establishing the rule of law Roman vs. Common Law What is the role of the individual

Five Caveats: NGOs Usually excludes “for profits” Issue of contractors- both for profits and non-profits Includes both International and Local Internationals are not universally loved

Not Universally Loved

Five Caveats, Cont. Very often internationals are religious or charity based Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals

One View

Annual Meeting of World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO)

Indigenous NGOs

Goods for Good- A Malawi Based Organization (BUT?)

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage Cost-effective Small but efficient Innovative Staff loyalty and commitment

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Perceived Advantage Ideologically compatible with Development values Links with poor Image of populism

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Lack of local legitimacy Donor driven Inefficiency

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Tensions with government institutions Politically threatening Ties with existing local elites Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Amateurism Leadership and continuity problems Staffing problems Self-serving-own objectives Faith Based

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disasters. International NGOs—Weaknesses Fixation on projects Problems of replication Lack of perceived accountability Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

NGOs and Projects

State Societal Linkages: Redux Central State - Macro Weak Strong SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE Mezzo-Intermediate State-Weak Strong Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State Civil Society - Micro Weak Strong Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT