The Rise of Islam.

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The Rise of Islam.

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Presentation transcript:

The Rise of Islam

The Rise of Islam How does Islam compare and contrast with the other religions introduced? How does Islamic civilization compare and contrast with the others in the course?

Islam The Arabian Peninsula Desert Home of the Arabs No centralized authority Pastoral nomads Loyal to tribes

Islam Religion in Arabia before Islam Polytheistic Jinn Monotheism Al-Uzza, Al-Lat, Manat

Islam

Islam Mecca Commercial center Ka’ba: then a pagan shrine Controlled by Quraysh Ka’ba

Islam Muhammad (570-632) Involved in Meccan caravan trade Pious Night of Power (ca. 610)  Prophet of Islam Muhammad visited by Gabriel

Islam Muslim Era Begins Gained some converts Overall response: negative  danger! Prophet invited to Medina The Hijra (622): Muhammad, ummah emigrated

Islam In Medina Muhammad became statesman City converted Unbelieving Jews expelled Raids on Meccan caravans launched Muhammad addressing believers in Medina

Islam The Return to Mecca (630) Muslims marched on Mecca City surrendered Muhammad cleansed Ka’ba March on Mecca

Islam Questions?

Islam The Quran Muhammad’s revelations Significant teachings Absolute monotheism Jesus: “apostle” “People of the Book” Judgment  Paradise, Hell War on unbelievers Jihad

Islam The Five Pillars Shahadah Salat (prayer) Ramadan “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet” Salat (prayer) Ramadan Zakat (alms levy) Hajj (pilgrimage)

Islam Talbiyah “Labbayk, Allahumma Labbayk. Labbayk. La shareeka laka. Labbayk. Innal-hamda wan-n'imata laka wal-mulk. La shareeka lak.” "Here I am at Thy service O Lord, here I am. Here I am at Thy service and Thou hast no partners. Thine alone is All Praise and All Bounty, and Thine alone is The Sovereignty. Thou hast no partners."

Islam Hajj ritual of stoning Satan, at Mina

Islam Questions?

Islam Islamic Conquests (622-733)

Islam The Caliphate Muhammad died 632 Caliphs Prophet’s successors First were early converts, from his inner circle (Rashidun) Office: political, religious

Islam

Islam Division within the Ummah The fate of Ali (r. 656-661) Muhammad’s cousin, husband of Fatima Dedicated Muslim Muhammad intended him to be successor? Civil war between Ali and Mu’awiyah  Ali’s assassination Aftermath: Sunni vs. Shi’ah

Islam

Islam Ruling the Caliphate: Shari’ah Sacred law of ummah Purpose: regulate all activities Sources: Quran, Sunnah, community consensus Qadis: shari’ah judges Individuals before a qadi

Islam Ruling the Empire: Status of Non-Muslims Dhimmis: followers of religions tolerated by law; not forced to convert Monotheist leaders relied on to manage their communities’ affairs Faced discrimination (jizyah, etc.)

Islam Questions?

Islam The Great Civilization Sophisticated, advanced Access to classical learning Books, libraries Contributed to science and math

Islam Quran page with beginning of surah 18 (9th, early 10th cent.)

Islam Dome of the Rock (687-692) Tribute to Islam’s triumph in Jerusalem Erected on sacred site Domed octagon

Islam Dome of the Rock, interior

Islam The Minaret Towers for muzzein Malwiya minaret (848-852) At Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq Spiral ramp

Islam Questions?

The Rise of Islam How does Islam compare and contrast with the other religions introduced? How does Islamic civilization compare and contrast with the others in the course?