Police and Policing Class 1 CJS/SOC 220 Police and Policing Class 1

Administrative Give quiz 5 Must read Mapp v. Ohio (Supreme Court, 1961) including all dissenting and concurring opinions for next class

Review Why we have police The development of law enforcement agencies How people join and train for law enforcement Discrimination in law enforcement The impact of 911

Today Police Interaction with the Public Police and Evidence Police, witnesses and suspects Key Ideas from Today

I. Police Interactions with the Public Who initiates most police contact with the public? What is the most common situation in which police initiate contact? Stops and Frisks and Searches Probable Cause v. Reasonable Suspicion

II. Police and Evidence Standard for warrantless searches Until 1960s what mattered was physical intrusion Growth of technology enables law enforcement to gain personal data and information without physical trespass or intrusion Katz v. United States (S.C. 1967) Moved away from issue of physical intrusion to focus on “reasonable expectation of privacy”

II. Police and Evidence The Exclusionary Rule How can police avoid this problem? When are warrantless searches permitted? Related to a lawful arrest With voluntary consent Evidence in plain view Automobiles and their contents Abandoned buildings and open fields

III. Police, Witnesses and Suspects Identification and Interviews Miranda Decision Miranda Exceptions Public Safety Exceptions Refusal to take blood alcohol test can be evidence of guilt Probation officers don’t have to provide Miranda warnings Right to silence or to an attorney must be explicitly invoked Impact of Mapp and Miranda

IV. Key Ideas from Today No evidence that significant numbers of defendants are acquitted because of “technicalities” Police can and do avoid most such problems by getting a warrant

Next Time Continue on Policing Specifically our discussion of Mapp v. Ohio

Police and Policing Class 2 CJS/SOC 220 Police and Policing Class 2

Administrative Return quizzes at the end of class Has everyone read Mapp v. Ohio? If you haven’t you have to leave class for today! For next time you must read U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court 1973) and all dissenting and concurring opinions

Review Police Interactions with the Public Police and Evidence Police, Witnesses and Suspects

Today Structure of the Supreme Court Decisions of the Supreme Court Analysis of a Case – Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Key Ideas from Today

I. Structure of the Supreme Court How many members? How do cases reach the court? Writ of certio rari What happens if the court declines to hear an appeal? When is the court likely to want to hear an appeal?

II. Decisions of the Supreme Court What is the decision of the court? Who writes the decision of the court? What is a dissenting opinion? What is a concurring opinion?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio What facts led to this case? What did the court decide?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio What was the effect on the criminal justice system What did the dissent want to decide and why? How about the concurring opinions What is the doctrine of stare decisis?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio How would that have affected the criminal justice system? Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? How about the concurring opinions? Why?

IV. Key Ideas from Today Understanding the nature of Supreme Court decisions Differences between decision of the court, concurring opinions and dissenting opinions

Next Time Continue on policing Make absolutely sure that you read U.S. v. Russell or you will not be allowed to stay in class

Police and Policing Class 3 CJS/SOC 220 Police and Policing Class 3

Administrative Any questions about where we are or what we are doing? If you are doing your Supreme Court case analysis on a case about police/law enforcement, it is due next week

Review Basic information about the Supreme Court and its decisions Facts of Mapp v. Ohio What the court decided What the dissent would have decided Any questions about Case Analysis Assignment?

Today Styles of Policing Police and Guns Civilian Review of Police Actions Federal Oversight Analysis of U.S. v. Russell (1973) Key Ideas from Today

I. Styles of Policing Watchman Style Legalistic Style Service Style What is the primary focus of each? What do you think of these?

I. Styles of Policing Disorder Policing – “Broken Windows” Approach is to crack down on minor and lifestyle violations Theory Evidence Community Policing Approach is to embed police in the community and work closely with community groups

II. Police Use of Guns Do police rely too heavily on fire arms? How effective are police when they use firearms? Active shooter situations

III. Civilian Review of Police Actions Many cities have established civilian review boards Police departments range from critical to openly hostile and uncooperative. Why?

III. Civilian Review of Police Actions Recent Syracuse experience – Syracuse Citizen Review Board Chicago Experience

IV. Federal Oversight Previous Policy Policy under Attorney General Sessions

V. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell What facts led to this case? What did the court decide?

V. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell What was the effect on the criminal justice system What did the dissent want to decide and why?

V. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell How would that have affected the criminal justice system? Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? Why?

VI. Key Ideas from Today Different styles of policing Police use of guns very different from what we see on television and much less effective than portrayed Police tend to strongly resist civilian oversight

Next Time Continue with police and policing

Police and Policing Class 4

Administrative Any questions about where we are or what we are doing? Submitting Case Analyses

Review Styles of Policing U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court, 1973) and the issue of entrapment

Today Evaluation of Police Performance Police Corruption Issues related to the use of force Police brutality Police Attitudes Key Ideas from Today

I. Evaluation of Police Performance How do we know if law enforcement agencies are doing a good job? What measures might we use? What do those measures tell us? What don’t those measures tell us? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of those approaches?

II. Police Corruption Nature of Police Corruption Alternative Explanations of Police Corruption Why is corruption so hard to prevent?

III. Issues Related to the Use of Force Police no longer permitted to kill suspects merely because they flee Racial pattern of police shooting Less-lethal weapons

III. Issues Related to the Use of Force Police officers feloniously killed Data on people killed or wounded by the police Police shooting and crime

IV. Police Brutality What do data show? Supreme Court – Graham v. Connor (1989) Civilian Review Boards Public Concern

V. Police Attitudes It is clear that police seem to have certain kinds of attitudes. What might some of those be? Is the existence of common attitudes among police because certain types of people are drawn to police work or because people who work as police develop certain kinds of common attitudes? What factors about police work give rise to these common attitudes?

V. Attitudes of and About Police Concerns about racial profiling What do studies show? Evidence of profiling inconclusive Clear evidence that attitudes of public toward police interactions vary by race, gender and age

VI. Key Ideas from Today Difficult to evaluate police performance because the tasks are so varied and complex Culture of silence makes it very difficult to address police corruption We express much more concern with officers killed than with the people they kill Police attitudes and culture mostly develop on the job

Next Time We begin the unit on courts and trials