Review and Radioactivity

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Presentation transcript:

Review and Radioactivity Chpt 18

Review Atomic # = # p (must equal #e)-form electrically neutral atom…….if they don’t equal (called ion) Isotope…same p/e…neutrons are different in same element….ex C12 or C14 as is mass # Energy levels are found on side of PT (period)…full shell ends at group 18..then fills up again

Radioactivity Nucleus contains almost all the mass of an atom (p/n have all mass)…electrons are negligible (little mass) EX. Marble sitting in middle of football field When a nucleus decays (loses particles) matter and energy is given off (lots of energy) This happens spontaneously (naturally) Occurs mostly in large elements because attraction forces aren’t as strong to hold particles within nucleus Large nuclei are unstable and decay more than small nuclei

Nuclear Decay When unstable nuclei decay…particles and energy (called nuclear radiation) are emitted (given off) 3 types of nuclear radiation A. Alpha-particles B. beta-particles C. gamma-electromagnetic wave

Alpha Very massive particle (made of p/n) Most electric charge Lose energy quickly Least penetrating power-stopped by paper Charge =+2…….mass + 4 Transmutation occurs=changing one element to another through nuclear decay

symbol

Beta particle An electron is emitted (given off) from nucleus decay Much faster and penetrate more than alpha Go thru paper….stopped by foil Undergoes transmutation like alpha Charge is -1………mass .0005 (small)

131 131 I + e- = Xe 53 54

Gamma Rays Most powerful and penetrating of all No mass and no charge Given off by nucleus during alpha/beta decay Lead and concrete can only stop gamma rays

Half-life The amount of time a radioactive isotope takes for half the nuclei of a sample to decay Very hard stuff so pay attention Used in science to date rocks, fossils, bones..etc

Problems examples The half life of calcium is 10 days. How much of a 100 g sample will remain after A. 20 days B. 30 days C. 40 Days D. 50 days

Another look A sample of Phosphorous-18 originally has 30g. Phosphorous-18 has a half life of 2,000 years. In _______________ years, how many grams would remain undecayed? A. 2,000 yrs B. 4,000 yrs C. 8,000 yrs

Another look At the end of 45 days, 100 g of Carbon-14 has decayed to 12.5 g. What is the ½ life of Carbon 14?

What is the half life of the radioisotope? Gieger counter data Time in days 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Counts per second 1000 2000 3000 4000 What is the half life of the radioisotope?