History of Energy Use wood coal petroleum natural gas nuclear
Commercial Energy Use in US Since 1800 100 Wood Coal 80 Natural gas 60 Contribution to total energy consumption (percent) Oil 40 Hydrogen Solar 20 Nuclear 1800 1875 1950 2025 2100 Year Fig. 13-4, p. 288
Commercial Energy Use for the World Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 6% Nuclear power 6% © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Natural Gas 22% RENEWABLE 16% Biomass 10% Coal 23% Oil 33% NONRENEWABLE 84% World Fig. 13-3a, p. 287
Crude Oil (Petroleum) long chains of hydrocarbons formed by the decomposition of deeply buried organic material must be drilled, pumped, and transported for refining used for transportation, space heating, industrial manufacturing, petrochemicals
Refining Crude Oil Fig. 13-6, p. 290 Gases Gasoline Aviation fuel Heating oil Diesel oil Naphtha Grease and wax Heated crude oil Asphalt Furnace Fig. 13-6, p. 290
Oil Economics OPEC Energy Crisis 1973, 1979 Gulf Wars Peak Oil ANWR
Shale Oil Fig. 13-11, p. 294
Natural Gas Not gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CH4) by volume Conventional natural gas Unconventional natural gas World supply of conventional natural gas: 62-125 years cleanest burning of all fossil fuels
Coal Sulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutants Used in electricity and steel production Abundant in the US US reserves should last about 300 years Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels)
underground mining
open-pit mining
mountain top removal
Nuclear Energy fission fusion
Light-Water Nuclear Reactors Small amounts of radioactive gases Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Containment shell Control rods Heat exchanger Turbine Generator Steam Electrical power Waste heat Hot coolant Useful energy 25 to 30% Hot water output Pump Pump Coolant Pump Pump Waste heat Cold water input Moderator Shielding Coolant passage Pressure vessel Water Condenser Water source (river, lake, ocean) Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Fig. 13-17, p. 299