BLOOD The essence of life!

Components Cells Cell Fragments Nutrients Gases Wastes Fluids Hormones & Chemicals

Functions Maintain interstitial fluids Homeostasis Distributes heat Link between internal & external environment Transport needed substances & wastes

How much blood? Average person has 5 liters of blood Males ↑; Females ↓ Blood volume varies by body size, fluid changes, electrolytes & adipose

Let’s talk percentages ~55% = liquid (plasma) Important for osmosis & pressure balance Water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, wastes ~45% = formed elements HEMATOCRIT red blood cells (erythrocytes) “buffy coat” (white blood cells & platelets) Must have 38% hematocrit to donate blood

Erythrocytes Do NOT replicate themselves! NO NUCLEUS! ↑ S.A. to carry gases Life span = 120 days Mature cell is bi-concave shaped Contains hemoglobin 1/3 of cell by volume Close to cell membrane Carries oxygen Oxyhemoglobin = red blood Deoxyhemoglobin = dark blood

RBC issues CYANOSIS HYPOXIA Blue hands in ↓ temperatures Constriction of blood vessels ↓ oxyhemoglobin HYPOXIA Abnormally ↑ concentration of deoxyhemoglobin AKA low oxygen!

More ISSUES! ANEMIA SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HEMOCHROMATOSIS Too low hemoglobin/RBC’s Iron deficiency SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Moon/sickle shaped Blocks capillaries (gets stuck) Painful joints/organ damage; ↑ chance of infection HEMOCHROMATOSIS Too much iron absorption TOXIC!—bloodletting helps

Hematopoiesis RBC making process Occurs in the red bone marrow (-) feedback mechanism Erythropoietin hormone (liver) controls RBC production Stimulated release by ↓ O2 Need: vitamin B12 & folic acid From intestine Needed for DNA synthesis Iron Recycled Some lost in biliverden break down process to bilirubin (found in bile)

Erythrocyte Life Cycle macrophage intestine B12 Folic acid protein Mature RBC macrophage New RBC Bone B12 Old RBC Nucleus ejected Folic acid RBC is digested by macrophage protein HEME (Iron) Erythrocyte Life Cycle Excess Iron recycled liver Uses & Stores iron

Leukocytes AKA—White blood cells Functions Healthy amounts? Protect against diseases Eat bacteria Make antibodies Healthy amounts? ~5,000 – 10,000 cells/mm3

2 main categories of leukocytes GRANULOCYTES Develop in red bone marrow 12 hour life span 2x as big as RBC Look “grainy” AGRANULOCYTES Develop in the lymphatic system & red marrow Life span = weeks - years

Granulocytes 3 types: Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Mobile & Active 54-62% of WBC’s Have lysosomes Eosinophil Control inflammation/alergic reactions 1-3% of WBC’s Basophil For allergic reactions Histamine: ↑ blood flow to tissues Heprin: helps blood clot

Agranulocyte 2 types Monocytes Lymphocytes Active & mobile! Largest: 3x size of RBC 3-9% of WBC Have lysosomes Life span = weeks-months Lymphocytes IMMUNITY! Slightly larger than RBC 25-33% of WBC Life span = years!

Thrombocytes AKA platelets Incomplete cells/cell fragments ↓ ½ size of erythrocyte Starts clot formation Repairs damaged vessels Life span = 8-9 days

Blood Groups Type dependent on antigens present AND receptor sites You can receive a blood group that does NOT have the same type of antibodies as your antigens (if only one antibody present) If it does = blood clumps!! 4 types: A B AB (universal recipient) NO Antibodies BOTH TYPES of antigens can receive from all types O (universal donor) NO Antigens BOTH TYPES of antibodies Can donate to all types

Blood Typing Game Antigens Antibodies Can GIVE to Can RECEIVE from AB NONE AB only ALL TYPES A B A & AB A & O B & AB B & O O O only Blood Typing Game