Rise of Segregation

Sharecropping Many former slaves became Sharecroppers – Landless farmers who had to hand over to the landlord a large portion of their crops to cover the cost of rent, seed, tools, and other supplies. Before After

Exodus to Kansas Benjamin “Pap” Singleton 60 year old former slave Organized a mass migration to Kansas Called an Exodus – like Jews’ escape from Egypt Exodusters Name given to those who fled the conditions in the deep south

Colored Farmers’ National Alliance Set up cooperatives 1.2 million members

Many African Americans joined the Populist Party (hoping to unite poor white farmers and poor black farmers)

Also made it hard for blacks to vote Democrats appealed to racism to keep black and white farmers from uniting Warned whites that supporting the Populists would return the South to “Black Republican” rule like it was under Reconstruction Also made it hard for blacks to vote

Disenfranchising African Americans Poll Tax Requires register voters to pay a fee to vote Literacy Test Had to be able to read to vote Grandfather Clause Allowed a person to vote if they had a ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867 Special break for poor whites who couldn't afford the poll tax or failed the literacy test

Legalizing Segregation Separation of the races Supreme Court overturns Civil Rights Act of 1875 – private organizations could practice segregation Jim Crow Laws Statutes (laws) that helped enforce discrimination

Court decided that Separate but Equal is OK Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case African American Homer Plessy was arrested for riding in a “whites-only” train car Court decided that Separate but Equal is OK Next 50 years -Public facilities were always separate but far from equal

Ida B. Wells-Barnett African American journalist Crusade against lynching (hanging) in the south – 154 a year lynched Said racial prejudice and greed were the causes ex. 3 African American grocers lynched bc they competed against white grocers Driven out of the south

African American reformer Crusaded against lynching, racism, & sexism Mary Church Terrell African American reformer Crusaded against lynching, racism, & sexism Helped to found NAACP “Seeking no favors because of our color, nor patronage because of our needs, we knock at the bar of justice, asking an equal chance”

Booker T. Washington Major African American voice Said economic goals more important than legal/political ones Believed education would bring equality Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

A New Black Militancy W.E.B. DuBois Young intellectual from Harvard Questioned Booker T Washington’s ideas Demanded racial equality – civil rights Said voting was the answer Also founded the NAACP