Chapter 1 Sections 3-4 Standard 10.1

A Migrating People Foundation of Israelite nation Abraham in 2000 BC migrated with his family to Canaan. Famine forced Israelites to migrate to Egypt 400 yrs in Egypt Lived as slaves Moses led people to exodus, or escape, from Egypt Went back to Canaan

The Kingdom of Israel 1000 BC create kingdom, Israel, in Canaan. Solomon won fame for wisdom and understanding Also influenced negotiating with powerful empires in Egypt and Mesopotamia

Division and Conquest Solomon’s building projects raised taxes and forced labor 922BC he dies Kingdom splits into Israel in the North and Judah in the South Many defeats 722BC Assyrians invade Israel and win 586 BC Babylonians conquer Assyrians and take over Ruthless King, Nebuchadnezzar, destroyed the great temple and forced Israelites to exile. Persians conquer Babylonians and frees Israelites from captivity Return to Judea Become known as Jews Continued to live under Persian Rule

God’s Covenant With the Israelites One God Monotheistic: believe in one God (one supreme God) Prayed to God to save them from their enemies. The Chosen People Covenant, or promise, with Abraham and his descendants: Protect and provide a homeland Promised land: Canaan To be part of covenant thought had to remain faithful and obedient to God Saw themselves as God’s “chosen people” The Torah (most sacred text) Record of Gods teachings 5 books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy Sets a strict moral standard for Jews to follow Oral Torah: discussions by Jewish scholars and rabbis that adapt the Torah to changing circumstances

Teachings on Law and Morality The Ten Commandments 10 basic moral laws First 4 stress religious duties of the individual towards God The rest rules for individual conduct toward other people Moses became “lawgiver” The Seven Universal Laws Laws for all people not just Jews Commands people to establish courts to enforce laws Backed basic human rights

Teachings on Law and Morality An Ethical Worldview Although expected to follow God’s law they has the freedom to make individual moral choices Thought periods of widespread disobedience led to tragic historical events Jews saw their leaders as humans rather than as ruler as a god. This helped lead to a democratic concept: the rule of law

The Scattering of the Jews Diaspora (dy AS pur uh): scattering of the Jews When captivity ended some went to Canaan, other stated in Babylon, and others migrated elsewhere in the Middle Eat and Mediterranean regions. 100s BC Rome took over and influenced some Jews 2 groups clashed Christianity developed under followers of Jesus 62BC Rome destroys Jewish temple in Jerusalem

Jesus of Nazareth Early Life Ministry Born in 4BC to Mary and Joseph Descendent of King David of Israel Mary claimed he was the messiah, savior sent by God to lead Jews to freedom Jesus worshipped God and followed Jewish law He was a carpenter like his father Ministry Preached in Galilee and Judea with his apostles (from Greek meaning, “a person sent forth”) Performed miracles Used parables, or short stories with a simple moral lesson, to communicate ideas After 3 years went to Jerusalem

Jesus of Nazareth The Message Teachings rooted in Jewish tradition Taught obedience to God’s laws and defended teaching of Jewish prophets Preached new beliefs Referred to himself as the son of God Made traditional Jews angry Said his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him Emphasized Gods love and taught need for justice, morality, and service to others Death on the Cross Jewish Priest saw Jesus as a troublemaker One disciple betrayed Jesus and led armed men to capture him He was crucified Crucifixion was a Roman method for executing criminals, a person was nailed or hung on the cross and left to die Video

Christianity Spreads Work of Paul A New Covenant Persecution Jesus’ apostles and disciples spread his teachings Paul began to share Jesus’ teaching with Gentiles, or non-Jews. This helped separate Christianity from Judaism Spread Christianity from Jerusalem to Rome A New Covenant New Testament seen as a new covenant with God and faith in Jesus replaced strict observance of the laws as the way to fulfill the covenant Persecution Rome suspected Jews and Christians as disloyal to Rome They would not make sacrifices to the Emperor Did not honor their gods When Rome was in trouble their leaders blamed Christians for the social or economic ills Christians became martyrs, people who suffer or die for their beliefs

Christianity Spreads Reasons for Christianity’s Appeal Christianity still spread despite attacks People found welcoming of all backgrounds and promise of a better life beyond the grave brought in more believers Paul added ideas from Plato, the Stoics, and other Greek thinkers AD 313 Persecution of Christians ended Edict of Milan Emperor Constantine granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire

The Christian Church The Early Communities Joined Christianity through renouncing evil through sacrament, or holy ceremony, of baptism. Saw this as washing away of their sins Saw all members as brothers and sisters Teachers served as teachers and administrators Hierarchy in the church: Clergy: people authorized to perform religious ceremonies Priests: Under the authority of a Bishop Bishop: Church official responsible for all Christians in one area. Traced their spiritual authority to apostles and Jesus Patriarchs: controlled other bishops in their region Pope: Patriarch of Rom, claimed authority for all

The Christian Church The Medieval Church 1054 Christian church broke in 2 Eastern church: Orthodox Church Church of Russia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania Rejected authority of Pope in the west Western church: Roman Catholic Church Headed by pope Believed all people were sinners and were doomed to eternal suffering Only way to avoid hell is through Jesus and participation of sacraments Had significant control over European society Had body of church laws and courts to judge those who disobeyed the laws

The Christian Church Spread of Learning Philosophy 1100’s schools created to train clergy Translated Greek works spread across the world in 1200’s Revolution in the world of learning Philosophy 1300’s Thomas Aquinas studied Christianity and Aristotle Found: Faith and reason existed in harmony Brought together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy

The Judeo-Christian Tradition Muslims, Jews and Christians all honor Abraham, Moses, and the prophets. All teach the ethical worldview All are monotheistic Judeo-Christian: Shared heritage Cultural foundation of the Western civilizations Played a central role in the development of democratic tradition