DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY All life events are formative. All contribute to what we become, year by year, as we go on growing. As my friend, the poet Kenneth Koch once said, ‘You aren’t just the age you are. You are all the ages you have ever been.’ – Fred Rogers Day 3: Attachment, Psychosocial Dev., and Morality

The Strange Situation Experiment key name Mary AINSWORTH 1913-1999 Conducted the “Strange Situation Test” of Attachment (1960s). Results showed that securely attached children: will explore freely while the mother is present will engage with strangers will be visibly upset when the mother departs will be happy to see the mother return will not engage with stranger if mother is not in room The Strange Situation Experiment

Harlow's experiment - part 2 key name Harry HARLOW 1905-1981 Conducted a study of attachment in monkeys. (1963-1968). Monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate "mother" over that of a wire one – attachment is about more than just supplying food . Harlow's experiment Harlow's experiment - part 2 Worked with Maslow at U Wisconsin

Baby Monkeys Raised In Isolation Overly aggressive or; Overly fearful Incapable of mating when older

Harlow Stated… No monkey has died during isolation. When initially removed from total social isolation, however, they usually go into a state of emotional shock, characterized by ... autistic self-clutching and rocking. One of six monkeys isolated for 3 months refused to eat after release and died 5 days later. The autopsy report attributed death to emotional anorexia. ... The effects of 6 months of total social isolation were so devastating and debilitating that we had assumed initially that 12 months of isolation would not produce any additional decrement. This assumption proved to be false; 12 months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially ...

Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parents Permissive Parents Authoritative Parents

Situation Which parenting style? Maria’s parents allow her to do most everything she wants. They don’t enforce the rules they do have and often bribe her to do what they want. Permissive

Situation Which parenting Style? Alex’s parents are very strict and expect him to follow the rules no matter what. When he breaks the rules there are severe and strict consequences. Authoritarian

Situation Which parenting style? Christian’s parents discuss the rules with him. They are loving and make rules when necessary, but allow him to make some decisions on his own. Authoritative

Gender Development Biology (neuroscience) perspective: Corpus Callosum larger in woman. Psychodynamic perspective: Competition for opposite sex parent. Social-Cognitive Perspective : Gender Schema Theory Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory

Puberty The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. Click above to see all you ever need to know about puberty.

Primary Sexual Characteristics For Girls: Vagina and Ovaries For Boys: Penis and Testes Body structures that make reproduction possible.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Non-reproductive sexual characteristics. Body Hair Widening of the Hips Deeper Voice Breast Development

Landmarks for Puberty Menarche for girls. First ejaculation for boys.

Physical Milestones Menopause

Cross-Sectional Studies Research Methods Cross-Sectional Studies Longitudinal Studies Participants of different ages studied at the same time. One group of people studied over a period of time.

Crystallized Intelligence Types of Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence Accumulated knowledge. Increases with age. Ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly. Peaks in the 20’s and then decreases over time.

Middle Adulthood Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility. OBJECTIVE 25| Identify major physical changes that occur in middle adulthood. Bettman/ Corbis Willie Mays batting performance.

Old Age: Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth increased from 49% in 1950 to 67% in 2004 and to 80% in developed countries. Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages. OBJECTIVE 26| Compare life expectancy in the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and discuss changes in sensory abilities and health (including frequency of dementia) in older adults. Gorges Gobet/ AP Photo

Old Age: Sensory Abilities After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

Old Age: Motor Abilities At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.

Old Age: Dementia With increasing age, the risk of dementia also increases. Dementia is not a normal part of growing old. Alan Oddie/ PhotoEdit

Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease also increases with age. Individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than do normal individuals of the same age. Susan Bookheimer At risk Alzheimer Normal

Cognitive Development Do cognitive abilities like memory, creativity, and intelligence decline with age the same way physical abilities do?

Aging and Memory As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult. OBJECTIVE 27| Assess the impact of aging on recall and recognition in adulthood.

Aging and Memory Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. The same is true for prospective memory (remember to …). David Myers

Aging and Intelligence Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not. OBJECTIVE 28| Summarize the contribution of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to our understanding of the normal effects of aging on adult intelligence.

Aging and Other Abilities A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age.

Social Development Many differences between the young and old are not simply based on physical and cognitive abilities, but may instead be based on life events associated with family, relationships, and work.

Adulthood’s Ages and Stages Psychologists doubt that adults pass through an orderly sequence of age-bound stages. Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage). OBJECTIVE 29| Explain why the path of adult development need not be tightly linked to one’s chronological age. Neuroticism scores, 10,000 subjects (McCrae & Costa, 1996).

Adulthood’s Commitments Love and work are defining themes in adult life. Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation. OBJECTIVE 30| Discuss the importance of love, marriage, and children in adulthood, and comment on the contribution of one’s feelings of self-satisfaction.

Adulthood’s Commitments Happiness stems from working in a job that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment.

Well-Being Across the Life Span Well-being and people’s feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span. OBJECTIVE 31| Describe trends in people’s life satisfaction across the life span.

Successful Aging

Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS key name Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS 1926-2004 Identified the 5 Stages of Grief: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance