16 People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 QUIT 16 CHAPTER People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Diverse Societies of North America SECTION 2 Mayan Kings and Cities SECTION SECTION 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP SECTION Visual Summary

16 People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 HOME 16 CHAPTER People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 Chapter Overview In the Americas, Native American, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca civilizations develop prior to the arrival of the Europeans. These civilizations, reflecting their geographic diversity, all develop sophisticated social, political, and economic institutions.

16 People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 HOME Time Line 500 CHAPTER People and Empires in the Americas, 900–1500 Time Line 500s Teotihuacan reaches population peak in central Mexico. 900 Classic period of Mayan civilization ends. 1325 Aztecs build Tenochtitlan. 1502 Montezuma II crowned Aztec emperor. 500 1500 800 Anasazi culture develops in the Southwest. 1100 Mississippian culture thrives at Cahokia. 1438 Pachacuti becomes Inca emperor.

Diverse Societies of North America Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Diverse Societies of North America Key Idea The dwellings and characteristics of Native American cultures, such as the Pueblos and Mound Builders, reflect their different environments. Common patterns of trade, religion, and social structure link diverse Native American peoples. Overview Assessment

Diverse Societies of North America Overview 1 • potlatch • Anasazi HOME 1 Diverse Societies of North America TERMS & NAMES Overview • potlatch • Anasazi • pueblos • Mississippian • Iroquois • totems MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Complex North American societies were linked to each other through culture and economics. Traditions and ideas from these cultures became part of the cultures of North America. Assessment

Diverse Societies of North America 1 1 HOME 1 Diverse Societies of North America Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast Native Americans of the Northwest Coast and the Southwest. Southwest Northwest Coast Both Irrigated desert lands; used pottery; built cliff dwellings, pueblos, kivas Believed in nature spirits; believed in Great Spirit; believed land was for everyone; sought harmony with nature; felt family was the basic unit Gathered food and hunted, fished; differences in wealth created social classes; had potlatches continued . . .

Diverse Societies of North America 1 1 HOME 1 Diverse Societies of North America Section 1 Assessment 2. In what ways did the peoples of North America share similar cultural patterns? THINK ABOUT • how the people viewed the environment • the role of family in their lives • religion ANSWER Possible Response: Most of the native people shared a love of the earth, valued the family unit, believed in the Great Spirit, and used totems. continued . . .

Diverse Societies of North America 1 1 HOME 1 Diverse Societies of North America Section 1 Assessment 3. What evidence is there that societies in North America interacted with each other? THINK ABOUT • how goods were obtained • ways to defend against enemies • what kinds of evidence historians find and consider valid ANSWER Possible Responses: • Cultural groups throughout North America traded for goods they needed. • Groups established alliances such as the Iroquois League for defense. • Artifacts, ruins, and stories offer evidence of such interaction. End of Section 1

Mayan Kings and Cities Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Mayan Kings and Cities Key Idea Mayan civilization flourishes in Mesoamerica during the first millennium A.D. Mayan cities and farms, religious practices, and achievements reflect a highly advanced culture. By the 900s, however, the Maya are in decline. Overview Assessment

Mayan Kings and Cities Overview 2 • Tikal • glyph • codex • Popol Vuh HOME 2 Mayan Kings and Cities TERMS & NAMES Overview • Tikal • glyph • codex • Popol Vuh MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Maya developed a highly complex civilization based on city-states controlled by dynasties of kings. Descendants of the Maya still occupy the same territory. Assessment

The Maya developed a highly complex civilization in Mesoamerica. HOME 2 Mayan Kings and Cities Section 2 Assessment List details to support the following main idea: “The Maya developed a highly complex civilization in Mesoamerica.” The Maya developed a highly complex civilization in Mesoamerica. They built spectacular city-states ruled by dynasties of god-kings. Created huge architectural sites Developed sophisticated farming methods Created a complex religious system Developed advanced mathematics, astronomy, and writing systems continued . . .

HOME 2 Mayan Kings and Cities Section 2 Assessment 2. How important do you think the development of advanced mathematics was in the creation of the Mayan calendar? THINK ABOUT • how records are kept over long periods of time • the need for numbers larger than 20 • the need for precision ANSWER Possible Response: Advanced mathematics was critical to the development of the Mayan calendar. The Maya needed a system of mathematics to record celestial movements over the years, to handle large numbers, and to calculate the solar and lunar year with great precision. End of Section 2

The Aztecs Control Central Mexico Key Idea 3 HOME 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico Key Idea In the Valley of Mexico, the Aztecs emerge in the 1200s, building on the foundations of earlier cultures. They conquer neighboring states to create the largest empire in Mesoamerica. By the 1500s, the empire begins to unravel. Overview Assessment

The Aztecs Control Central Mexico Overview 3 • obsidian • Quetzalcoatl HOME 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico TERMS & NAMES Overview • obsidian • Quetzalcoatl • Triple Alliance • Montezuma II MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Through alliances and conquest, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in Mexico. This time period saw the origins of one of the 20th century’s most populous cities, Mexico City. Assessment

The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 3 3 HOME 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the main events that led to the establishment and growth of the Aztec Empire. Arrive in Valley of Mexico Build Tenochtitlan Form the Triple Alliance Conquer many lands continued . . .

The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 3 3 HOME 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico Section 3 Assessment 2. How did the Aztec need for victims for sacrifice lead to problems controlling the empire? THINK ABOUT • reactions of the conquered peoples • changes in army tactics ANSWER Possible Responses: • Demands for victims for sacrifice aroused the hatred of the conquered peoples. • The goal of the army was to capture their enemies, not kill them. • After a time, a number of provinces rebelled against Aztec rule. End of Section 3

The Inca Create a Mountain Empire Key Idea 4 HOME 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP Key Idea In the Peruvian Andes, the Inca in the 1400s establish the largest empire in the Americas. They create a highly controlled economy and an official religion. In the early 1500s, civil war weakens the empire. Overview Assessment

The Inca Create a Mountain Empire Overview 4 • Pachacuti • ayllu HOME 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Pachacuti • ayllu • mita • quipu MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Inca built a vast empire supported by taxes, governed by a bureaucracy, and linked by extensive road systems. The Inca system of government was similar to some socialist govern-ments in the 20th century. Assessment

The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 4 4 HOME 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the methods the Inca used to build a vast empire and unify it under their control. The Inca built a vast empire, which was largely unified under their control. Subject peoples kept their rulers and customs. Incan cities built in conquered lands Economic activity controlled Incan schools founded Extensive road system built Single official language used Empire’s units ruled by central Bureaucracy continued . . .

The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 4 4 HOME 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP Section 4 Assessment 2. Why do you think the Inca used the ayllu system as the basis for governing the people of the empire? THINK ABOUT • ways to control a large empire • the ease of using a system that already existed ANSWER Possible Responses: • The system was already in place. • It allowed the Inca to organize thousands of people into manageable units. • People viewed it as a traditional practice. continued . . .

The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 4 4 HOME 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire GRAPH MAP Section 4 Assessment 3. What were advantages and disadvantages of the Incan welfare state? ANSWER Possible Responses: Advantages: All people cared for during good and bad times; offered stability  Disadvantages: High taxes, forced labor for the state, no private economic activity, limited opportunity for advancement, less freedom End of Section 4