The Confederation and the Constitution Chapter 9

Equality “All men are created Equal” Society of the Cincinnati Continental Army officers Separation of Church and State Anglican Church = De-anglicized Protestant Episcopal Church Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Philadelphia Quakers First antislavery society Discrimination Civic Virtue Democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen Republican motherhood Social keepers

Economic Crosscurrents Loyalist holdings = confiscated Stimulus in Manufacturing Mills American ships barred from British Harbors Trade more disagreeable after independence States = pay back borrowed money Inflation Worse off than before war

Creating a Confederation 2nd Continental Congress Only did what it dared Military, foreign policy 13 sovereign states Money, military, tariff barriers Articles of Confederation Adopted in 1777 Ratified in 1781 All 13 states Discord over western lands

Articles of Confederation Loose Confederation = “Firm league of friendship”

Landmarks Land Ordinance of 1785 Old Northwest = used to pay off national debt Divide into townships 6 miles square 36 sections = 1 mile each 16th section = public schools

Cont. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Governing of the Old Northwest 2 stages 1st = area subordinate to federal government 2nd = 60,000 can be admitted by Congress as a state Receive all privileges Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest Exempted present slaves

Anarchy States getting out of hand Shay’s Rebellion Refused to pay taxes Levying duties on neighbors Shay’s Rebellion Massachusetts = 1786 Back country farmers Loosing their farms = mortgage foreclosures Demanded state issue paper money, lighten taxes

Demigods Control of commerce Virginia takes lead Interstate fighting Convention in Maryland 9 states appointed delegates 5 showed Alexander Hamilton = Report Meet in Philadelphia = 1 year Bolster Articles

Cont. 12 states sent delegates to convention called by congress Philadelphia, May 1787 R.I. not represented 55 delegates Washington = chairman Nationalists Gave up on fixing Articles --- Now time to form a new government

Great Compromise Fight for Representation James Madison Virginia Plan 2 house legislature ---- population William Paterson New Jersey Plan Single house congress --- equal vote Great Compromise 2 house congress --- Equal representation in Senate = 2 Population determined House of Representatives

Cont. Three-Fifths Compromise 3 Branches of Government Three-fifths of state’s slaves to be counted 3 Branches of Government Federalism - power divided between national government and several state governments Delegated Powers - National Government Control Foreign Affairs Regulate Trade Reserved Powers - States Education Tax

Safeguards Legislative Branch --- Make laws Executive Branch --- Carry out laws Judicial Branch --- Interpret the laws Checks and Balances

Convention’s Over Adjourned Convention 17 weeks May 25 = September 17, 1787 42 remained 39 signed 9 states needed to ratify Constitution

Clash Federalists Antifederalists Supporters of the Constitution George Washington, Ben Franklin Antifederalists Opposed having strong central government Sam Adams, Patrick Henry

Great Debate War of words --- Public debates / Articles Propaganda = The Federalists Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay Major opposition Did not protect the rights of people Bill of Rights

Ratified States Maryland = April 28, 1788 Delaware = Dec 7, 1787 S. Carolina = May 23, 1788 New Hampshire = June 21, 1788 Virginia = June 26, 1788 New York = July 26, 1788 N. Carolina = Nov 21, 1788 R.I. = May 29, 1790 Delaware = Dec 7, 1787 Pennsylvania = Dec 12, 1787 New Jersey = Dec 18, 1787 Georgia = Jan 2, 1788 Connecticut = Jan 9, 1788 Massachusetts = Feb 7, 1788

Relevance Oldest written national constitution still in use Meets the changing need of Americans Elastic Clause Stretches the power of the government Expand to meet unforeseen circumstances Formally changed when necessary Amendments Only 27 amendments have been added