Biology Notes Cell Energy Part 3 Pages 639-655

Standard Essential Question: ____ Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes 3.1 Essential Question: How have the structures and functions of plants enabled them to survive? 1.  

I. Plants Plants = multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms that have cell _____ and carry out ______________ e.g. eukaryote = cells that have a ________ walls photosynthesis ferns, everglades, pine trees, flowers, maple trees, fruit trees, etc. nucleus

II. Plant Organs A. Roots roots function to absorb _____ and _________ into the plant as well as to anchor the plant in the ____ in order to function properly, plants need to uptake specific minerals: __, __, __, ___, and ___ this is why most fertilizers contain __ and __ water nutrients soil N P K Ca Mg N P

root hairs = tiny cellular projections from roots that ________ the surface area of absorption for water and nutrients from the soil increase

B. Stems stems function to transport food and water from _____ to leaves and support branches and leaves roots

C. Leaves leaves function to provide a broad, flat surface for _____ absorption light

D. Flowers IF a plant has flowers, it is the reproductive ________ some flowers are colored brightly to encourage ____________ by insects center pollination

E. Fruits IF a plant has fruit, it is the mature _______ of that plant ovary

F. Cones IF a plant has cones, it is the female ______ of that plant ovary

III. Plant Tissue Systems A. Dermal Tissue = tissue that functions as the outer skin of a plant that _________ and protects the plant from the ____________ the outer surface of epidermal cells found in dermal tissue is covered in a waterproof waxy coat called the _______ supports environment cuticle

B. Vascular Tissue = specialized tissue divided into subsystems that moves ______ and nutrients throughout the plant found in the innermost part of the _____ SUBSYSTEMS: 1. Xylem = specialized waterproof vascular tissue that moves ______ in a plant water plant water

composed of long, thin ______ which allow the water to move by ________ action and ________ What waterproof nutrient would compose the building material of xylem cells? ______ tubes capillary cohesion lipids

Transpiration = the release of water vapor from _______ through the ________ stomata plants

2. Phloem = specialized vascular tissue that moves food, minerals, and ________ in a plant nutrients

C. Ground Tissue = specialized tissue found between _______ and ________ tissues within a plant dermal vascular

D. Meristimatic Tissue = specialized tissue near the bottom of a plant where new plant ______ are made cells

IV Plant Cell Types 1. Parenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are mainly used for ________ and _______________ in leaves, these cells are where the ____________ are found in roots and stems, these cells store ________ and other foods manufactured by photosynthesis or absorbed through the roots storage photosynthesis chloroplasts glucose

2. Collenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are _______ and have semi-thick cell _____ used to support the plant e.g. 3. Sclerenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are characterized by rigid, thick cell walls that _______ and support the plant Where would you find more sclerenchyma cells, stems or leaves? ______ flexible walls celery strings protect stems

V. Plant Growth A plant grows as more cells are added to the _____ and ______ of a plant when new cells are added to the plant by ________, they are called __________ apical meristem = a group of meristems near the bottom of the _____ the apical meristem is considered an area of fragile new cells which the plant protects with a tough covering of cells known as the _____ cap roots stems mitosis meristems root root

V. Leaf Structure & Photosynthesis The overall function of a leaf is to perform photosynthesis and provide the plant with needed nutrients. The structure of a plant enables it to perform this task: blade = the broad, flat section of the ____ that collects sunlight petiole = the thin stalk that connects the ______ to the ______ leaf blade stem

seed = IF a plant produces _______, the overall purpose is to protect the _________ seeds embryo

A. Components of the Leaf 1 A. Components of the Leaf 1. Upper Epidermis – the upper outer layer of the leaf which can sometimes be coated with a waxy _______ used to protect the leaf cuticle

2. Mesophyll = specialized ground tissue within the leaf composed mainly of ____________ cells and the main site of _______________ palisade mesophyll = tightly packed mesophyll that mainly absorbs _____ spongy mesophyll = loosely packed tissue with mainly ____ spaces that connect to the outer part of the leaf 3. Vascular Tissue parenchyma photosynthesis light air (xylem & phloem)

4. Lower Epidermis – the under outer layer of the leaf composed of epidermal cells and stomata stomata = pore like openings on the underside of the leaf which allow ____ into the leaf and _______ out of the leaf guard cells = specialized cells that make up a stoma when guard cells are open during the day _______________ can take place when guard cells are closed at night, _______________ cannot take place CO2 oxygen photosynthesis photosynthesis