3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Introduction Application of electric current during a forming operation to achieve: 1) A reduction in the flow stress (lower mechanical forces required during forming) 2) A reduction in springback during forming (better predictability of the final geometry) 3) Increased deformation levels prior to fracture (increased part complexity) UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming

3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Timeline Taken from Electrically Assisted Forming, Modelling and Control by Salandro, W., Jones, J., Bunget, C., Mears, L., Roth, J. , Springer 2015 UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming

3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Literature Examples Stainless Steel Taken from US patent 2015/0183019 Kim, et. al. CP Ti Magargee, Morestin and Cao, J. Eng. Mater. Technol 135(4), 041003 (Jun 18, 2013) UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming

3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Where are we now? Initial debates Was this just another form of hot working I2R heating used to raise the temp of the workpiece Current data suggests- under the right conditions Actually influences the deformation process Theoretical understanding still under debate Limited patent activity-still room for basic coverage How do we harness the effect commercially? UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming

3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Future Work Current application/ control DC, AC, Pulsed current Quantify the effect By alloy By forming technology Bending, Roll bonding, Single point forming, Drawing, etc. Scale up Taken from Electrically Assisted Forming, Modelling and Control by Salandro, W., Jones, J., Bunget, C., Mears, L., Roth, J. , Springer 2015 UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming

3.3 Electrically-Assisted Forming Discussion Timing: priority, resources available when needed? Obstacles: technical & business? Resources: level, type & issues? Anything missing for active industry support? Estimated benefits realistic & complete? Technical and non-technical obstacles complete or over reaching? Alternative implementation paths or better approaches? Conflicts with intellectual property or trade secrets? UNH - 28 October 2016 Sheet Metal Forming