This Gut Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It

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This Gut Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It This Gut Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It? Helminth–Microbiota Interactions in Veterinary Species Laura E. Peachey, Timothy P. Jenkins, Cinzia Cantacessi Trends in Parasitology Volume 33, Issue 8, Pages 619-632 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.004 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Current Theories of Causality of Helminth–Microbiota Interactions in the Gastrointestinal System of Vertebrate Hosts. (1) Helminth infections induce local and systemic host immune responses which, in turn, impact on the composition of the microbial flora. (2) The host epithelial cells produce antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) in response to helminth infections, with subsequent alteration of the microbial flora. (3) Helminth excretory/secretory products (ES) induce shifts in the composition of the gut microbiota. Trends in Parasitology 2017 33, 619-632DOI: (10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.004) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Potential Use of Microbiota Manipulation for Controlling Helminth Infection and Disease. (A) Selected probiotics, for example, bifidobacteria, could be administered to promote host Th2 immune responses leading to death and expulsion of parasites. (B) Prebiotics, for example, inulin, could be administered to promote growth of selected bacterial taxa, for example, lactobacilli, and increase in their metabolites [e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or lactic acids (LAs)], leading to a decrease in gut pH and helminth death and expulsion. (C) Diet manipulation, for example, enriched in proteins or carbohydrates, could be used to counteract the changes in microbiota metabolism associated with helminth infection. Trends in Parasitology 2017 33, 619-632DOI: (10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.004) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure I Pros and Cons of ‘Traditional’ and ‘Modern’ Microbiota Profiling Techniques. Trends in Parasitology 2017 33, 619-632DOI: (10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.004) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions