Psychological Disorders Modules 65-4, 65-5, 65-6

Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Medieval Europe - abnormal behavior was viewed as a demonic possession. Treatment might include prayer, laying on of hands and/or exorcism performed by the clergy. Possibly witch hunts? Islamic Countries - known for humane hospitals for mentally ill (Baghdad 792 CE).

The Renaissance brings reemergence of the scientific approach to mental illness Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) a Spanish nun established a conceptual framework that suggests the mind can be sick Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession

Humanitarian Reforms of the 18th – 19th centuries Philippe Pinel (France)-pioneered compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill William Tuke (England)- introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill Benjamin Rush (United States) founder of American psychiatry and established hospitals for the mentally ill Dorothea Dix (United States) advocated for reforms to allow for humane treatment of mentally ill in institutional settings

Deinstitutionalization Occurred due to scientific advances of the 20th century Psychopharmacology Medical advances including imaging devices (CT, MRI, PET) Release of patients back into their usual community using out-patient care

Defining Psychological Disorder A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior. This is from our book and is adapted from the DSM-V

How are disorders described? It depends on who is describing them

Medical Model This model holds that diseases (in this case psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, through therapy, medication, or treatment in a hospital. As we have seen, in most cases there is more to people’s behavior than just biology.

Psychological Model Freud’s psychodynamic model explains disorders as the result of repressed thoughts, memories, or concerns in the unconscious mind. Behaviorists explain disorders as learned behaviors. Cognitive psychologists explain disorders being the result of irrational thinking – like blowing things out of perspective or being driven by “shoulds, oughts, and musts.”

Biopsychosocial Model Behavior, whether what is called normal or abnormal, is an interaction of nature and nurture. Diathesis-Stress Model: The diathesis, or predisposition, interacts with the subsequent stress response of an individual.

Biopsychosocial Model Different cultures have different stressors Not all disorders are culture-bound Depression Schizophrenia

Biopsychosocial Model

Labeling Disorders Media stereotypes of the mentally ill. Silence of the Lambs Black Swan The Shining

Legal Definitions Sanity and Insanity are legal definitions A person accused of a crime can acknowledge that they committed the crime, but argue that they are not responsible for it because of their mental illness, by pleading "not guilty by reason of insanity.”

Legal Definitions While most people with psychological disorders are not violent, those who are create a dilemma for society. Insanity defense Legal, not psychological concept Jared Loughner Andrea Yates Eddie Ray Routh

Labeling Disorders Media stereotypes of the mentally ill. “There is very little risk of violence or harm to a stranger from casual contact with an individual who has a mental disorder.” - Surgeon General’s Office

Rates of Disorders How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder? 26% of Americans

Rates of Disorders How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder? 26% of Americans Different percentages for other countries

Rates of Disorders How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder? 26% of Americans Different percentages for other countries Overall percentages are lower for serious mental disorders

Rates of Disorders The law defines the following conditions as a serious mental illness: Schizophrenia Paranoid and other psychotic disorders Bipolar disorders (hypomanic, manic, depressive, and mixed) Major depressive disorders (single episode or recurrent) Schizoaffective disorders (bipolar or depressive) Pervasive developmental disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorders Depression in childhood and adolescence Panic disorder Post traumatic stress disorders (acute, chronic, or with delayed onset) Bulimia Nervosa 307.51 Anorexia Nervosa 307.1

Rates of Disorders Biggest predictor of mental disorder? Poverty What are risk factors?

Classifying Disorders System for Classification DSM-V Guides medical diagnoses and defines who is eligible for treatment.

Classifying Disorders Controversial diagnoses based on the idea that the DSM casts too wide a net – making a diagnosis out of almost any kind of behavior Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Temper tantrum? A disorder?

Labeling Disorders Small group activity Predicting Rick’s Success

Labeling Disorders Labels matter People “read into” situations when they are primed to believe a certain way (Rosenhan study) A label can have a life and an influence of its own (stigmatize). Getting a job or finding a place to rent can be a challenge for those with a label Just out of prison Just out of a mental hospital

Quiz over Module 31 tomorrow Pages 410 – 417 Use the practice quiz on page 417 as a guide