Ch. 4 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Taxonomy

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) Evolutionary Tree

Hierarchical System Classification Taxa & Taxonomic Ranks Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Binomial Nomenclature species

Binomial Nomenclature Genus species Cupelopagis vorax Homo sapiens

What is a Species? 1. Common descent 2. The smallest distinct grouping 3. Reproductive community

What is a Species? Typological Species Concept Biological Species Concept Evolutionary Species Concept Cohesion Species Concept Phylogenetic Species Concept

Phylogenetic Systematics The evolutionary relationships among species Species 4 speciation Species 2 Species 5 Species 1 (ancestral sp) speciation Species 6 Species 3 speciation Species 7

Taxonomic Characters and Reconstruction of Phylogeny Homology

Using Character Variation to Reconstruct Phylogeny Ancestral Character State Derived Character States

Constructing a Phylogeny the polarity of a variable character

Constructing a Phylogeny Identify the outgroup

Constructing a Phylogeny

Constructing a Phylogeny Clade Synapomorphies

Constructing a Phylogeny Cladogram

Sources of Phylogenetic Information Comparative morphology Comparative biochemistry Comparative cytology

Phyletic Relationships Monophyletic

Phyletic Relationships Paraphyletic

Phyletic Relationships Polyphyletic

SYSTEMATICS The study of phylogenetic relationships among species Conservation of species Tracing the origin and spread of disease Understanding how traits have evolved and the process of evolution

Major Divisions of Life Aristotle’s 2 Kingdom System 3 Kingdom System Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom System 3 Monophyletic Domains Eucarya Bacteria Archaea