Chapter One Science Skills pages 2-31

What Is Science? (Section 1) Science is a system of knowledge and the techniques used to find that knowledge. Science begins with curiosity and many times ends with discovery. Technology is the application of knowledge to solve realistic problems. Science and Technology are mutually supporting. Progress in one leads to improvements in another.

Branches of Science Social science and natural science are the two main categories of science. Branches of Natural Science: Physical, Earth/Space and Life

I. Physical science. covers two main areas: chemistry and physics A) Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter. B) Physics is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion.

The Big Ideas of Physical Science! Space and Time Matter and Change Forces and Motion

Other areas of Science II. Geology and Astronomy are the foundations of Earth Science. III. Biology is the study of all living things.

Scientific Method State the problem after making an observation Gather information through observations Form a hypothesis (prediction)

Scientific Method cont… Test the hypothesis through experiments Record, organize, and analyze data (Repeat) State the conclusion

Scientific Theory Theory: the most logical explanation for events that occur in nature. EX: Death of Dinosaurs, Evolution of a Species, etc.

Scientific Law summarizes a pattern found in nature describes this pattern without trying to explain it; a law cannot be broken. EX: Gravity, Newton’s Laws of Motion, etc. Scientific Model: a representation of an object or event that makes it easier to understand things that are too difficult to observe directly.

1.3 Measurement The Metric System (revised as the Systéme International d’Unités): standard measuring system used by scientists to measure length, volume, mass, density, and temperature. Scientific notation: a way of representing numbers that are very large or very small. (Examples on board)

Examples of Units (page 16) SI Base Units Measurement Unit length meter (~39.36 inches) mass kilogram (~2.2 lbs.) temperature Kelvin Derived Units density g/ml, kg/L, or g/cm3 volume m3, Liter

Mass Beginning with the largest rider, slide it one notch at a time until the pointer drops below zero Repeat with the smaller two slides until the pointer comes to rest at zero

Volume: Graduated Cylinder When using a graduated cylinder, always make your reading from eye level Take the reading from the bottom of the meniscus (the bubble looking thing on the top of the liquid)

Density the ratio between an object’s mass and its volume: Density = mass/volume D = m ÷ v Example: Determine the density of an object that is 85.62 grams and has a volume of 28.6 cm3. SHOW WORK 2.99 g/ cm3

Definitions/examples: Mass: the amount of matter in an object Volume: the amount of space an object takes up Example #2: Determine the density of a bouncy ball that has a mass of 1.35 grams and a volume of 1.89cm3. 0.71g/cm3

More examples: Example #3: What is the volume of a stone that has a mass of 11.67 grams and a density of 2.2 g/mL? 5.3 mL Example #4: The volume of a block is 129.4 cm3, while its density is 4.5 g/cm3. What is the block’s mass? 582.3 g

Metric system cont… *** Prefixes page 17(know kilo-, centi-, and milli-) Conversion factor(metric conversions): a ratio of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to a quantity expressed in another unit. Ex 1: 3 kg = ? grams Ex 2: 5 km = ? cm EX 3: 150 cc = ? L

More on Measurements: Precision vs. Accuracy Precision: a gauge of how close measured values are to one another. Accuracy: the closeness of measured values to the target value. Significant figures: all the digits that are known for certain in a measured value plus one estimated digit.

Measuring Temperature Celsius(Centigrade) thermometer: used to determine temperature; based on the fact that water freezes at 0o C and boils at 100o C. Alcohol and mercury are commonly used as the liquid medium within a Celsius thermometer.

Temperature conversions: oC = 5/9(oF-32o ) oF = 9/5(oC) + 32o K = oC + 273 EX: What is normal body temperature on the Celsius temperature scale? Kelvin? SHOW WORK

Presenting Scientific Data Line graphs are useful in showing changes that occur in related variables. Slope = rise/run The manipulated variable, independent variable, is plotted on the x-axis The responding variable, dependent variable, is plotted on the y-axis.

Line Graphs cont… Direct relationship: a relationship that is constant between two variables; positive slope.

More on line graphs… Inverse(Indirect) relationship: a relationship in which the product of the two variables is constant; when one variable increases the other one decreases.

Bar Graph A bar graph can be used to compare a set of measurements, amounts or changes.

Circle (Pie) Graphs A circle graph, or pie chart, shows how a part of something relates to the whole.

Communicating Data What are some ways, scientists all over the world, can communicate with one another? Internet Writing journal articles Speaking at conferences Conversations