Taxonomy EQ: What are the major characteristics of the 3 domains Taxonomy EQ: What are the major characteristics of the 3 domains? What are the differencees among the kingdoms?

Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya (eukaryotes) more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

ARCHAEA ARCHAEAN  Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles ARCHAEAN 

BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

Live in the intestines of animals E. Coli

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)

1. Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Ex: Amoebas, paramecium, Euglena and Diatoms

2. Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide) Ex: mushrooms, yeast, black bread mold.

3. Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.

4. Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Ex; Reptiles, Amphibians, Aves, Mammals, Fish

Characteristics of Animals •Fish There is a great deal of diversity among the animals we call fish, but they all share certain things in common. All fish: -live in water -have fins -breathe through gills. •Amphibians Amphibians include the frogs, toads and salamanders. Amphibians: -have smooth or bumpy skin -are dependent on water for reproduction -can breathe with lungs or gills depending on the species, but all -an breathe through their skin. •Reptiles Reptiles include lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodilians (alligators, crocodiles and a couple others). They are characterized by: -having tough, dry, scaly skin -breathing with lungs -having eggs with a leathery eggshell that does not have to be laid -in water to survive (though some reptiles do not lay eggs and instead have -live births) -being ectothermic (cold-blooded). Birds Birds have some fairly obvious common characteristics: -feathers -beaks -wings as well as some not so obvious characteristics, such as: -remarkably lightweight bones -being endothermic (warm-blooded). •Mammals Mammals are the group of vertebrates that includes humans, river otters and dolphins. The characteristics of mammals are they: -are endothermic (warm-blooded) -have hair -breathe air with lungs -give live births -produce milk

Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5