SEPTEMBER 11 CXC BIOLOGY 10DM MRS. HAUGHTON CLASSIFICATION SEPTEMBER 11 CXC BIOLOGY 10DM MRS. HAUGHTON

Classification Classification is the way in which we group organisms depending on similarities. These similarities are called homologs.

The branch of biology that deals with classification is taxonomy.

For example look at the following animals:

We could have the following groups Animals that have fur and four legs. Animals that have scales and fins.

We could even make the groups more specific: Dog-like animals. Cats Fish

There are 7 orders or levels of classification and they are: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kind Peter Can Order Fried Goose Sometimes

Notice that as we move down from Kingdom to Species that: Kingdoms are the largest and most generalized of groupings. Species are the smallest and most specific of groupings.

Panthera tigris (tiger) Usually, an organism is called by its binomial nomenclature, which is usually Latin and is the genus then species names: Panthera leo (lion) Panthera tigris (tiger)

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature Genus and species names used. Both are written in script or typed in italics. The genus begins with a capital letter For the species all letters are common. If written, both words are underlined separately.

Next class please bring a pair of friendly scissors and glue. Thanks a lot.

The main kingdoms are: Bacteria (Monera) Protists Fungi Plants Animals Let us start with the Kingdoms. There are 5 main Kingdoms and one minor one: The main kingdoms are: Bacteria (Monera) Protists Fungi Plants Animals VIRUSES are not truly alive but they are considered.

VIRUSES Have no true cell structure. Nucleic material enclosed in a protein coat. Needs a host cell in order to reproduce so is called a PARASITE. E.g. HIV, influenza, rabies

Bacteriophage (a virus) infecting a bacterial cell.

VIRAL REPRODUCTION

BACTERIA (Monera) Unicellular; without proper membrane enclosed nucleus or organelles. Have cell wall. Some pathogenic (cause disease) e.g. Tuberculosis bacteria Some non-pathogenic.

Three main types of bacterial cell structure are:

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

PROTIST Unicellular. Have proper membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. Some plant-like and others animal-like. Eg. Paramecium; Amoeba

REPRODUCTION OF PROTIST

FUNGI Multicellular. Some reproduce by spores. Some have thread-like structures called hyphae. Some pathogenic e.g. Ringworm, athlete’s foot. Some non-pathogenic e.g. yeast and pin moulds

Mushroom

Yeast cells

REPRODUCTION OF YEAST CELLS

Pin moulds

Athlete’s foot

Ringworm

PLANTS Multicellular organisms that contain chlorophyll. Make their own food using sunlight by photosynthesis. Have cellulose cell walls, nucleus, vacuoles and chloroplasts.

Phylum: Algae No real roots, stems or leaves.

Phylum: Bryophyte (Mosses, Liverworts) Simple roots, stems, leaves.

Phylum: Pteridophyte (Fern) Proper structures but reproduce by SPORES.

Phylum: Gymnosperm (Conifer) Proper structures but reproduce by CONES.

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Phylum: Angiosperms Proper structures but reproduce by fruits and seeds Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

CLASS: DICOTYLEDON CLASS: MONOCOTYLEDON Narrow leaves Small, odourless flowers Parallel veins Fibrous, bushy roots Single cotyledon in seed Broad leaves Large, sweet, attractive flowers Branching veins Long, tap root Two cotyledons in seed

ANIMALS Multicellular with no cell walls. Contain membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. Move around and feed on other organisms.

Have no backbone or spine. INVERTEBRATES Have no backbone or spine.

Phylum: Porifera (Sponges) Live in water. No mouth or digestive systems. Have a system of water channels. Sessile (do not move).

Phylum: Coelenterate Bag-or umbrella-shaped body. Have tentacles with stinging tips. One opening to digestive system. No anus.

Phylum: Plathyhelminthes (Flatworms) Body elongated and flat. Not segmented. Most are human parasites.

Phylum: Nematode (Roundworms) Body long and thread-like. Round, cylindrical. Not segmented. Most are animal or plant parasites.

Phylum: Annelids (Ringed worms) Body long and round. Divided into rings or segments. Mostly external parasites.

Phylum: Mollusk Body soft and unsegmented. May have external or internal shell. Some live on land and some in the sea.

Phylum: Echinoderm Star or ball-shaped body. Body based on a pattern of five parts. Tough skin with spines. Live in water.

Phylum: Arthropod Have segmented legs. Have waterproof exoskeletons. Some live on land and some live in water. Have 4 main classes.

Class: Crustacean More than 4 pairs of segmented legs. Breathe through gills. Have 2 pairs of antennae.

Class: Myriapod Have a long, segmented body and many legs. One pair of antennae. Live on land.

Class: Insect Have bodies segmented into 3 parts: head, thorax and abdomen. Have 3 pairs of legs. Have antennae and 2 pairs of wings.

Class: Arachnid Have bodies segmented into 2 parts only: head and abdomen. Have 4 pairs of legs. Have no antennae or wings.

Have a backbone or spine. VERTEBRATES Have a backbone or spine.

Phylum: Chordates Have backbone or spine. Have limbs joined to the central axis of the body. Divided into 5 classes.

Class: Amphibian Have smooth, moist skin. Lay eggs with moist, soft outer covering. Live on both land and water. Cold-blooded.

Class: Bird Have feathers, wings and beak. Lay eggs with dry, hard shells. Live on land. Warm-blooded.

Class: Fish Have moist, scaly outer covering. Lay eggs with moist, soft outer covering. Live in water. Cold-blooded.

Class: Reptile Have dry, scaly skin. Lay eggs with rubbery, dry outer covering. Live on land. Cold-blooded.

Class: Mammal Have fur covering the skin. Most give birth to their young. Live on land or in water. Warm-blooded. Breast-feed offspring and care for them for many years.

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