Nationalism Nationalists: people who believe that people of a single “nationality” should be one government Goal of Nationalists? Create a NATION-STATE Bonds that create a nation-state? Nationality, Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory

German & Italian Unification

German Nationalism The Rise of Prussia

1806-1812 German speaking people lived in small states & Prussia & Austrian Hapsburg Empire Napoleon raided German-speaking lands and annexed land along the Rhine River for France, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation

1815 Congress of Vienna Germans called for a unified Germany but Austrian Prince Clemons von Metternich (oversaw the negotiations) said they would have to dismantle all the German governments from each state Created the German Confederation which was a weak alliance headed by Austria

1862 Otto von Bismarck Prussian Prime Minister who became the Chancellor transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.

Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck King Wilhelm I Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prime minister of Prussia 1862-1890 “The Iron Chancellor ” “ The less people know about how laws and sausages are made, the better they’ll sleep at night”

Iron Chancellor Bismarck wanted to keep France isolated & build strong links with Austria & Prussia

Bismarck used the theory of realpolitik to keep power “Politics of reality” Tough power politics, no room for idealism

War Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies Bismarck forms an alliance with Austria and together they invade Denmark and divide the land Brief fight – Three months Denmark gives up Schleswig & Holstein

War Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies 1866 – Austro-Prussian War (Prussia made up an excuse to invade), lasted 7 weeks and Prussia took control of Austria Also known as Seven Weeks War Prussian advantages Railroads (better transportation system) Telegraphs (better communication) Modern weaponry (better army)

War Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies 1870 – Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III hoped to mask problems at home with a military defeat Bismarck edited a telegram between King William I & a French ambassador seeming that William insulted Frenchman & Napoleon invaded but France was defeated in weeks

South German states & North German Confederation convinced William I of Prussia to take the title of Kaiser and called this the Second Reich

Bismarck writes a Constitution Two Legislative Houses Bundesrat = upper house, appointed by rulers of German States Reichstag = lower house, elected by universal male suffrage Bundesrat count veto the Reichstag so the power was still with the Emperor & Chancellor THINK ABOUT: What was the problem with the two houses?

Kaiser William II Succeeded grandfather 1890 – asked Bismarck to resign Created programs that provided social welfare Cheap transportation & electricity Public schools – obedience to emperor then reading, writing & mathematics Funding to continue to build the already strongest military

The Unification of Italy The great monument to the unification of Italy and the first king of Italy, Vittorio Emmanuele II

Early 1800’s Italy was divided into numerous states and kingdoms People were loyal to local regions

Congress of Vienna Metternich would not even consider uniting Italy

Austria= Northern Italy Hapsburgs= Various Italian States Divisions Austria= Northern Italy Hapsburgs= Various Italian States French Bourbons = Naples and Sicily

Reasons for Unification: Desire for economic growth American and French Revolutions—inspiration Nationalism/Pride

1820-1848 Secret Patriotic Societies tried to get Austria forced out but Austria crushed each rebellion

Important People Giuseppe Mazzini Victor Emanuel Camilio di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi

pride of the Roman Empire Goal Giuseppe Mazzini 1830’s Founded “Young Italy” Reminded people of the pride of the Roman Empire Goal Constitute a one, free, independent republican Italy FAILED

Victor Emanuel Appointed Count Camillo Cavour as Prime Minister in 1852

Believes in Realpolitik Camilio di Cavour Prime Minister who helped unification through practical aspects Army Industry Believes in Realpolitik

1855 – Sardinia, Britain & France fight Russia 1858 – Cavour makes secret deal with Napoleon promising to protect them if Austria invaded Cavour provoked Austria to invade so France would help annex Lombardy

Kingdom of Sardinia The leading state in Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi Founded the Red Shirts, a militia for unification. Garibaldi won the southern states of Italy and gave them to Victor Emanuel, in 1861. Italy was finally unified in 1870 when Venetia and then Rome and the Papal States were added.

Constitutional monarch Victor Emanuel 1861 – Victor Emanuel II was crowned the King of Italy Constitutional monarch

The great monument to the unification of Italy and the first king of Italy, Vittorio Emmanuele II, 1870.