Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States By Nehal Hussein and Sarah Temraz

The Italian Peninsula Divided into 5 regions Austria: Lombardy and Venetia Italian monarch (Victor Emmanuel): Sardinia and Piedmont Tuscany, with Florence as its capital, and several smaller states Papacy: Central Italy and Rome Bourbons: Naples and Sicily

Goals of the Revolution Main goal: a unified Italian nation Get rid of foreign rule Expel Austrian rule from Lombardy, Venetia, and Milan

1st approach to the revolution Giuseppe Mazzini: a radical program that preached a centralized and democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people

2nd approach to the revolution Vincenzo Gioberti: Catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope

3rd approach to the revolution People who looked for leadership to the autocratic kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel)

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour Worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state Wanted Sardinia to led a unified Northern Italy

Reforms Done BY Cavour Program of highways and railroads Civil liberties Opposition of clerical privileges Secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

Austria vs. Italy and France Austrian attack In 1858, Cavour managed to provoke Austria Austria attacked Sardinia and Piedmont Napoleon III rushed to help Cavour Austria vs. Italy and France

Peace of Villafranca Napoleon III criticized by Catholics for supporting the enemy of pope France switches sides and joins Austria Sardinia gains Lombardy only

Austria and France vs. Italy

Post War Fusion of Sardinia with Central and Northern Italian states Nice and Savoy ceded to France to regain Napoleon III’s support

Giuseppe Garibaldi Son of a poor sailor Personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism Emerged as an independent force in Italian politics in 1860

Giuseppe Garibaldi His plan of liberating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was supported by Cavour Garibaldi and his Red Shirts captured Palermo and marched toward Naples Prepared to capture Rome and the pope

Garibaldi vs. Cavour An attack on Rome would bring war with France Cavour sent troops to intercept Garibaldi’s men Garibaldi did not oppose Cavour and the people of the south voted to join Sardinia

Success of Revolution The north and south are united under Victor Emmanuel Italy became a parliamentary monarchy

Failure of the Revolution Small minority of Italian males got to vote A huge gap between the propertied class and the minority Social and cultural gap between the industrial north and the agrarian south