MATTER

Composition of Matter Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space

Substance type of matter with a fixed composition that cannot be separated by physical means Element substance made up of atoms with same identity  Examples: gold, helium, aluminum   Compound atoms of two or more elements combined Examples: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)

Mixture materials made of two or more substances that can separated by physical means Heterogeneous mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished Examples: Pizza, Fruit salad Granite

Homogeneous mixture in which two or more substances are Uniformly spread out Examples: Vinegar, Salt water

Types Of Matter

Solution homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot even be seen with a microscope and will never settle to the bottom of their container. Solute- the substance that is being dissolved. Solvent- the substance that dissolves the solute. Solubility- the ability for a substance to dissolve. Examples: Vinegar, Soda (unopened), and Hydrogen Peroxide.

Colloid type of mixture with particles that are larger than those in solution, but still too light to settle out. Examples: Milk (Water & Fat) Fog (Water & Air), Cool Whip  # Detecting colloids is sometimes difficult so shining a beam of light at colloid will make the light scatter – this scattering of light by a colloid is called the Tyndall Effect.

Suspension heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle. Examples: Italian dressing, muddy pond water, chocolate milk. * HINT: If it needs shaking to mix, then it’s a suspension

Describing Matter Part 2

Physical Property characteristic of a material that you can observe without changing the substance Examples: color, size, shape, density, melting point, boiling point

Chemical Property characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change Examples: flammable, combustible, may react to light

Physical Change or Change of State a change in size, shape or state of matter; substance DOES NOT change identity when it undergoes physical change Examples: melting ice, cutting paper, breaking glass

Chemical Change a change in one substance to another substance Examples: fireworks explode, rusting metal

The Law of Conservation of Mass - says that the mass of ALL substances present before a chemical change equals mass of ALL substances after the change.

States of Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space. Kinetic theory Matter anything that has mass and takes up space. Kinetic theory explains how particles in matter behave All matter is composed of particles Particles are in constant, random motion Particles collide with each other and walls of their container STATES OF MATTER STATE CHARACTERISTICS PARTICLES SOLID Definite shape and Closely packed in   definite volume geometric arrangement LIQUID Indefinite shape and Have more space and slide pass each other GAS Have energy to spread indefinite volume out evenly in container PLASMA High temperature Positively and negatively gas charged

The state of a sample of matter depends on temperature related to the average kinetic energy of an object when the temperature increases and contracts when cooled. # Exception to Rule: Water when cooled it expands  

CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER MELTING: FROM SOLID TO LIQUID Melting change from a solid state to a liquid state Melting point temperature at which a solid melts

FREEZING: FROM LIQUID TO SOLID change from a liquid state to a solid state Freezing point temperature at which a liquid freezes  

VAPORAZATION: FROM LIQUID TO GAS Vaporization change from a liquid state to a gaseous state Boiling point temperature at which liquid begins to vaporize Evaporation can occur at surface of liquid without heating liquid (i.e. eventually a cup of water will evaporate if left unattended)

CONDENSATION: FROM GAS TO LIQUID change from a gaseous state to a liquid state Condensation point temperature at which a gas condenses ICE WATER CLOUD FREEZING CONDENSATION

Sublimation- change from a solid to a gas. Deposition- change from a gas to a solid

FLUIDS – BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS AND GASES anything that flows – gas or liquid Buoyancy the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it – this is called Buoyant Force Archimedes principle – the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid it displaced by the object The boat displaces enough water to equal weight of boat, therefor it floats.

Ex. squeezing the end of a tube of toothpaste Pascal’s principle pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid Ex. squeezing the end of a tube of toothpaste Bernouilli’s principle as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases Ex. the design of an airplane wing Boyle’s Law as the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of a gas increases, provided the temperature does not change. Ex. weather balloon Photo by Sun Ladder/ CC-SA

Charles’ Law as temperature increases, the volume increases, provided pressure remains constant. Ex. Hot air balloon   Pressure – Temperature Relationship as temperature increases, the pressure increases, provided the volume does not change. Ex. popping popcorn