United Soybean Board, Animal Nutrition Group – October 2012 Soybean meal level modulates the adverse effect of high immune stress on growth in pigs R. Dean Boyd and Cate Zier-Rush Technical Director and Research Leader The Hanor Company, Franklin, KY

Seminal SBM Research Finds: Hanor and Collaborators In Modern Lean Pig: Modern Pig (2012) ‘requires’ ca. 100 Lbs more SBM (1980) (Lean, Size) High Diet SBM under good Health causes Less Whole-body Lbs to be represented as Carcass Lbs. Extensive Crystalline amino acid use is beneficial. High Diet SBM helps under Disease Stress to prevent severe Erosion of ADG and FCR. Anti-Nutrient Phytate limits SBM Use in Young Pig by 200 lbs per Phase unless Supra-Phytase levels is Use to minimize transition loose- ness.

SBM Value Depends on Extent of Immune Stress Previous work by Gaines et al. (2008) proves that Whole-body growth, in response to PLN, is maximized by diets with either High or Low levels of SBM. However, Carcass growth is constrained by diets with High SBM content. In other words - SBM Content determines the Proportion of Whole-body weight that is represented by Carcass. Pigs in these Studies were in good Health. This Report shows that SBM has beneficial effects on both Whole-body and Carcass growth when Inflammatory Disease strikes. This Fortuitous Find has been repeated 4 times.

Soybean Meal and High Immune Stress Purpose This Presentation suggests that a Hi-SBM level is beneficial to ADG and FCR during high Immune Stress. Background Original Objective was to better define Lysine requirement for PLN fed pigs; using Carcass ADG – FCR criteria. Pigs were unexpectedly infected with diseases that trigger Systemic Inflammation. An apparent Experimental Disaster resulted in a Fortuitous Find with extraordinary implications.

Prior Research: SBM Level vs Carcass Growth No Apparent Health Issue Item Control LO-SBM Content HI-SBM Content SID Lysine % 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95   PLN, PPM 5.0 SBM, % 18.35 22.28 26.32 30.25 Lysine.HCl % 0.13 0.25 0.38 Johnston et al. 2006

Prior Research: Main Effect of SBM Level Item 0 PLN Lo SBM Hi SBM SEM Lo vs Hi No. Pens 12 18 - No. Pigs 110 166 Initial wt., kg 104.8 104.7 104.6 1.3 NS End wt., kg 134.1 137.0 136.8 0.7 WB ADG, kg/d 1.082 1.182 1.179 0.026 WB Gain : Feed 0.382 0.410 0.409 0.002  Carcass Yield, % 74.9 75.8 75.4 0.15 0.31 Carc ADG, kg/d 0.803 0.927 0.906 0.016 Carc Gain : Feed 0.285 0.322 0.315 0.002 0.08 SBM x Lysine Level, P>0.10

SBM In Disease Stress 1 Growth Assay – 21 d 420 Castrates, PIC-TR4 x Camborough Initial weight, 98.3 + 0.7 kg Final weight, 118.1 + 0.6 kg 4 x 2 Factorial arrangement of Diets 4 SID Lysine levels (0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 0.95%) 2 SBM levels (H-SBM, L-SBM) Diets thru Summit Blend (0.65, 0.95 x H, L-SBM) 48 Pens at 6 Pens per diet (9-10 Pigs/pen)

Experimental Methods 5 PPM Ractopamine Hydrochloride (PLN) Meal Form – Ad Libitum Terminated Time Constant basis, 21 d Pen = EU Initial Pen Whole-body weight Covariate, WB measures Initial Pen Carcass weight = 0.76 x Initial WB Initial Pen Carcass weight Covariate, Carcass measures PROC GLM Interaction SBM x Lysine, P>0.29 for all Criteria

Disease Result and Diagnostics Report Mortality and Morbidity (12.7%) was 6 times normal for the16 week Finish period. Pigs were PRRS and Circovirus (PCV2) positive with PCV2 tissue lesions. Strep Suis also present (Dr. Tara Donovan). Pro-Inflammatory Nature Inflammatory nature of these viruses has been proven by the presence of Circulating Pro-inflammatory Cytokines (J. Vet. Med. B. Infectious Dis. Vet. Health, 2006. Dec. 53 (10):488-493. (Dr. Marnie Mellencamp)

Summit Blend Diets: Composition, %   Lo SBM Hi SBM Ingredients, % 0.65 Lysine 0.95 Lysine Corn 76.32 73.77 74.10 61.93 Soy bean meal 13.65 20.28 18.71 31.85 Fat, CWG 2.04 3.09 2.87 4.01 Corn Gluten 5.43 0.00 1.95 Monocal 1.07 1.05 0.98 Limestone 0.84 0.79 0.80 0.71 Salt 0.40 L-Lysine 0.13 0.35 L-Threonine 0.15 VTM Premix 0.10 Paylean 0.03 Total, % 100.00

Experimental Diets: Nutrient Content   Lo SBM Hi SBM Item 0.65 Lysine 0.95 Lysine NRC ME, Kcal/kg 3377 3407 3401 3456 MOD ME, Kcal/kg 3335 3340 3350 Crude Protein, % 16.0 20.1 Total Lysine, % 0.74 1.05 0.75 1.08 SID Lysine, % 0.65 0.95 SID M+C: Lysine 0.58 0.61 SID THR: Lysine 0.68 SID TRP: Lysine 0.165 Calcium, % 0.6 Avail. Phos, % 0.28

Whole-body Growth: SBM x Lysine Level Lysine Quadratic, P>0.21 13.65 15.84 18.09 20.28 SBM % 18.71 23.05 27.51 31.85

Whole-body Growth: SBM x Lysine Level Lysine Linear, P<0.106 13.65 15.84 18.09 20.28 SBM % 18.71 23.05 27.51 31.85

Main Effect of SBM Level - High Immune Stress Whole-body Growth Item High SBM Low SBM SEM P< No. Pens 24  - No. Pigs 218 219 - Initial Wt, kg 98.4 98.2 0.7 0.88 End Wt, kg 119.0 117.2 0.6 0.04 WB ADG, g/d 989 902 27 WB ADFI, g/d 2.667 2.621 41 0.45 WB FCR, G/F 0.365 0.337 0.009 0.05

Carcass Growth Rate: SBM x Lysine Level Lysine Linear, P<0.096 13.65 15.84 18.09 20.28 SBM % 18.71 23.05 27.51 31.85

Main Effect of SBM - High Immune Stress Carcass Growth * Item High SBM Low SBM SEM P< No. Pens 24  - -  Carcass weight, kg 89.0 87.3 0.6 0.052 Carcass Yield, % 74.7 74.6 0.5 0.918 Carcass Gain, kg 14.2 12.7 0.088 Carcass ADG, kg/d 0.676 0.608 0.027 Carcass Gain : Feed 0.240 0.215 0.011 0.237 * Initial weight as covariate in model (initial carcass weight for carcass growth traits). Initial Carcass weight calculated using initial weight x 0.76.

Other Tests and Outcome Is This a Chance Occurrence – or Divine Intervention: Two Simultaneous tests involving the exact same Design, under Farm Conditions, were conducted but in each case they also encountered Respiratory Disease with the . . . Same Result !

(PLN not used in this test) Nailing Down the Concept before Practice Final Field Proof of Concept but Tightening the Screws on Method (PLN not used in this test)

Imperfect Field Test of this Concept in Practice This Test was designed only to verify that ‘Hi-SBM’ is bene-ficial when an Inflammatory Disease occurs. SBM x CP are yet slightly Confounded. This Issue will be addressed in the next Phase of studies. Test d Control Diets 1 Lo SBM Diets 2 Hi SBM 21-42 26 - 42-74 74-98 98-126 13 126-153 153-172

Two Diets used during the Health Challenge INGREDIENTS DIET 3 LO SBM HI SBM DIET 4 LO SBM Note Corn 8.5 CP 1401.3 1427.3 1456.0 1505.0 Soybean Meal 45 201.1 342.0 157.1 275.0 70% DDGS IDEA 80 160.0 Wheat Midds Hi-S  - -  BioLysine 9.9 4.5 7.8 3.5 Fat, CWG 35.0 34.1 29.3 26.0 Limestone Ground 19.9 18.1 19.5 18.0 Monocal 21 P 1.3 3.0 0.8 2.7 Salt 6.8 7.1 7.2 L-Threonine 1.0 - VTM Finish 1.7 1.6 Enzyme Premix 1.2 Cu Sulfate   Total 2000.0

Nutrient Levels for Diets used during Challenge INGREDIENTS DIET 3 LO SBM Hi SBM DIET 4 LO SBM Note Corn 8.5 CP 1401.3 1427.3 1456.0 1505.0 Soybean Meal 45 201.1 342.0 157.1 275.0 70% DDGS IDEA 80 160.0 Wheat Midds Hi-S   Calculated Analysis: MOD ME, Kcal/lb 1510 Crude Protein , % 14.75 16.51 13.93 15.33 SBM x CP TID Lysine, % 0.80 0.70 TID THR:Lysine 0.64 0.67 0.63 0.71 TID TRP:Lysine 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.20 TID TSAA:Lysine 0.76

Growth during Low and High Immune Stress: Impact of SBM (CP) PRRS Sero-conversion, Flu hit about d 90 Post-placement. Hanor Diets split from ALL Pens on Hi-AA to 50% Hi-SBM on d 98 Post-wean HI SBM LO SBM   Days ADG, lbs/d Feed : Gain 21-42 1.24 1.26 1.45 1.48 42-74 1.70 1.69 1.95 1.98 74-98 1.53 1.56 2.59 98-126 2.18 2.10 2.47 2.58 126-153 1.97 1.79 3.11 3.41 153-172 1.71 1.73 3.58 3.55 Pig appeared to have Recovered. Lack of performance difference suggests such.

The Mechanism is Unclear Is this a SBM or Crude Protein phenomenon ? Crude Protein level was not tested - only SBM level was varied. Elevated CP would provide increased levels of PHE, TRP and ARG (Reeds et al., 1994) crucial to Immune ‘machinery’. Alternative Explanation is that SBM might be helpful because it contains Anti-Inflammatory compounds – Isoflavones. Their ability to modulate Inflammation with improved ADG and FCR was shown previously by Greiner et al. 2001. Combination of an Increase in certain Amino Acids and Anti-inflammatory components may be involved !

Summary This Study stands in Contrast to Previous Trials from our Labs with Healthy Pigs. WB and Carcass growth were improved to the greatest extent by diets with Hi-SBM. Take-home Message: Hi-SBM level appears to reduce the Negative effect of Inflammatory Disease on Whole-body, Carcass ADG, FCR to a significant extent. We operate under this possibility until sorted out.

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