May Fourth Movement May Fourth Incident May 4, 1919 Versailles Peace Treaty, Shandong Issue Student Protest Students Protesting in Beijng

Tsinghua University Students Burning Japanese Goods Student Protests Tsinghua University Students Burning Japanese Goods

May Fourth Movement: Intellectual and Political Concerns Nationalism Anti-imperialism Anti-warlord Mass Movements Intellectual Concerns Social Darwinism New Culture Literary Reform Mass Education

New Youth Magazine

Leading Figures Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) Beida Dean (1917-1919) Studied in Japan Chinese Youth Founder of New Youth Magazine Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy Co-founder Chinese Communist Party

Call to Youth! (1915) Be independent, not servile Be progressive, not conservative Be aggressive, not retiring Be cosmopolitan, not isolationist Be utilitarian, not formalistic Be scientific, not imaginative

Li Dazhao (1888-1927)

Leading Figures Li Dazhao (1889-1927) Beida Librarian, Historian Studied in Japan Co-editor of New Youth Founder of Marxist Study Group Co-founder of CCP

High Tide of Warlords 1916-27 Military Governors Former Beiyang Army Officers Constantly Shifting Alliances and Battles Power Politics

Zhang Xun (1854-1923) Qing Loyalist Backed Yuan Shikai “Restored” Qing 1917 Fled to Dutch legation

Zhang Zuolin 1875-1928 Monarchist Manchurian Warlord Occupied Beijing 1924 Assassinated by Japanese Army 6/4/28

Feng Yuxiang (1884-1948) Beiyang Army Officer Christian General “Progressive Warlord Joined GMD Supported Northern Expedition

Wu Peifu (1874-1939) Beiyang Army Officer Suppressed Railway Workers Strike 1923

Sun Chuanfang (1885-1935) Beiyang Army Japanese Military School Controlled Lower Yangzi Defeated in Northern Expedition

Nationalists (GMD) and Communist (CCP) Movements Nationalist (Guomindang GMD) Communist (CCP)

Reorganization of the Nationalist Party,国民党(GMD) Sun Yat-sen centralized control of party Three People’s Principles Peoples’ Democracy Peoples' Nationalism Peoples’ Livelihood Sun Yat-sen

Reorganized Nationalist Party GMD Governments in Canton stabilized in 1923 Sun-Joffee Agreement (Adolf Joffee, Comintern agent) China not ready for Socialist System Present goal: reunification and national independence Soviets willing to negotiate return of Czarist rights Renounce claims on Outer Mongolia

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1921, Shanghai Russian Revolution, Comintern “Scientific theory of historical progress” Leninist role of Party suited to Chinese intellectuals Marxist World View place China in forefront Chinese Communist Poster With Lenin

First United Front (1923-1927) Comintern Influence Whampoa Academy 1924 GMD- CCP United Front Newspapers Mass Organizations Labor Unions Peasant Associations Women’s Associations

Michael Borodin1884-1951 Comintern Agent

Zhou Enlai, Political Director Whampoa, 1927

Best Looking Chinese Leader?

Rise of Chiang Kai-shek Top military advisor to Sun Yat-sen Commandant of Whampoa Leader of Northern Expedition

Northern Expedition 1927 Defeat Warlords in South and Central China Consolidate Chiang’s control of Guomindang Shanghai Massacre April 1927 Split with CCP Nationalist Government established in Nanjing

Guomindang Arrests Shanghai 1927

Disease of Skin vs. Disease of the Heart Rising nationalism Encirclement Campaigns 1930-34 Manchurian Incident September 18, 1931 Japanese Seizure of Manchuria Zhang Xueliang, Manchurian Warlord