Chapter 7
Revolution of 1800 Jefferson (Dem.-Rep.) defeated Adams (Fed.); Adams gave up power peacefully and Jefferson significantly shifted executive policy Refused to use and ended the Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1802 – replaced Adam’s law, making the requirements for citizenship easier; immigrants largely supported Jefferson Debt Reduction cut the army/navy budget to reduce the national debt No Internal Taxes – all internal taxes, including the Whiskey Tax, were repealed.
Jeffersonian Democracy Best represented by small independent farmer (yeoman), most productive/trustworthy Federal govt. should not violate states’ rights Freedoms of speech and press are essential Republican simplicity: “Government that governs best governs least”
Jefferson as Federalist Previously a strict constructionist, Jefferson used a loose interpretation as president Supported the (Federalist Hamilton’s) National Bank as president Made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 - Following Haitian Revolution, Napoleon looked to sell LA Territory - Spurred by TJ’s hopes to control MS River and create agrarian republic - Doubled size of US and justified as being in nation’ best interest Persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 to end British impressment - Justified by implied powers to regulate commerce - Failed to end impressment but hurt Am. farmers/merchants
Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) issued several landmark decisions in Sup. Court (1801- 35) Expanded power of fed. govt., upheld supremacy of federal govt. over states, and promoted business enterprise Marbury v. Madison (1803) found that SCOTUS would determine the constitutionality of laws (judicial review)
War of 1812 CAUSES EFFECTS British continued policy of impressment violating Am. Neutrality and insulting national pride Louisiana Purchase inspired Tecumseh (who received some aid from Brit.) to organize a resistance; War Hawks sought to drive Brit. From Canada and remove Indian threat from frontier US won Great Lakes but not Canada; Brit. burned Wash. DC but lost important naval battles; Ended in stalemate Without Brit. support, Indian resistance to westward expansion eliminated Lack of international trade promoted ec. self- sufficiency (manufacturing/industrialization) Ended the Federalist Party after Hartford Convention and led to Era of Good Feelings Reaffirmed Am. independence and increased sense of nationalism; Am. future lay in West, not Europe
Reasons for America’s Failure in War of 1812 Jefferson’s debt/military reduction reduced the military. Low enlistment in the military Financial problems from the French/British embargo/ship seizing New England (Northeastern states) refused to participate and wouldn’t provide militias