Begin Activity 1: Tree-ring Dating 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Notes: 1/20 For lecture images: Password: geos220 Look ahead For readings: Begin Activity 1: Tree-ring Dating 2006: this lecture ended at 12:00, too early. Could use a couple more images to lengthen by at least 5 minutes. 2007: even after adding slides and one video clip, this lecture still lasted only till about noon. Okay to add even more material.

General Climatology: Main Points 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 General Climatology: Main Points Characteristics of solar radiation Why we have seasons? Latitudinal transfer of energy Pressure gradients and coriolis General circulation features Next time: SW weather, winter and summer Later: Rainshadow, climate change

Angle of incidence Color of surface 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Incoming Solar Radiation Mostly not absorbed by earth’s surface Reflection (albedo): Angle of incidence Color of surface

albedo = reflectivity Angle of incidence Color of surface 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Incoming Solar Radiation Mostly not absorbed by earth’s surface Reflection (albedo): Angle of incidence Color of surface albedo = reflectivity

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018

Solar Radiation to Sfc Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Solar Radiation to Sfc Equator: Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance Poles: Angled incidence Large area More reflectance

Solar Radiation to Sfc Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Solar Radiation to Sfc Equator: Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance Poles: Angled incidence Large area More reflectance

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Atmosphere and Solar Radiation Direct incidence: less atmosphere Angled incidence: more atmosphere, like at poles

Little effect low latitudes Big effect poles 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Earth’s Tilt Now ~ 23.5° Causes seasons Little effect low latitudes Big effect poles Who gets more hours of sunlight, equator or poles?

Insolation Imbalance Too much Heats up Too little Cools off 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Insolation Imbalance Equator: Too much Heats up Poles: Too little Cools off Energy is transferred

Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Ocean Current Transfer “Gulf stream waters” not just a song Note El Niño currents: Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water

Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Ocean Current Transfer “Gulf stream waters” not just a song Note El Niño currents: Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water

Never forget: 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Warm air rises, cold air sinks What goes up, must come down Atmosphere: grand cycle of rising/sinking air

~12 km (7 mi, 39,000 ft), Catalinas is 1/4th way up All weather 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Atmosphere Troposphere ~12 km (7 mi, 39,000 ft), Catalinas is 1/4th way up All weather Warm at surface Stratosphere Ozone Other particles

Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Dry Lapse Rate 1° C change in temperature / 100 m change (5.5° F/1000 ft) If no other influences: Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation A key determinant of biota

Lapse rate Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Dry Lapse Rate 1° C change in temperature / 100 m change (5.5° F/1000 ft) If no other influences: Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation A key determinant of biota Lapse rate

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Vapor Saturation with Temperature Hot air holds more moisture Cold air holds less moisture Sensitive at high temperature Rel Humidity not a good value, dew point is better

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Clouds Several Thousand Feet Deep Formed by uplift, “hot air rises” Condensation of vapor with uplift, cooling

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Circulation Cells Air bunches up as it flows poleward, because earth is a globe Poleward flow is split into 3 parts (How to know Earth is a globe?)

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Circulation Cells Air bunches up as it flows poleward, because earth is a globe Poleward flow is split into 3 parts (How to know Earth is a globe?)

Watch these videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHrapzHPCSA 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Watch these videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHrapzHPCSA http://www.amnh.org/learn/courses/ocean_resource9.php http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1905/es1905page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1904/es1904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 3-D View of circulation Winds should be due north and south?

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Coriolis Effect: Viewed From North Pole Object appears to deflect to the right

Coriolis (pole) 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Coriolis Effect: Viewed From North Pole Object appears to deflect to the right

Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm: 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Coriolis Effect From equator northward: Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm: Winds are deflected to the right in Northern Hemisphere

Coriolis (equator) Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm: 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Coriolis (equator) Coriolis Effect From equator northward: Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm: Winds are deflected to the right in Northern Hemisphere

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Look again at Surface flow: Tropics: north to south, deflects to right (therefore east to west, easterlies) Mid-latitudes: south to north, deflects to right (therefore west to east, westerlies)

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Look again at Surface flow: Tropics: north to south, deflects to right (therefore east to west, easterlies) Mid-latitudes: south to north, deflects to right (therefore west to east, westerlies)

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Latitudinal Wind Easterly trades Westerly mid-latitude winds

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Latitudinal Wind Easterly trades Westerly mid-latitude winds

Gran Desierto Sahara Atacama Kalahari Great Sandy 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Gran Desierto Sahara Atacama Kalahari Great Sandy

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018

January Surface Circulation 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 January Surface Circulation Strong Aleutian low in N. Pacific Continental High over Rockies Pulls weather systems from northern Pacific over North America Important: Note direction of prevailing winds: westerly January Surface Circulation

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 January Surface Circulation Strong Aleutian low in N. Pacific Continental High over Rockies Pulls weather systems from northern Pacific over North America Important: Note direction of prevailing winds: westerly

July Surface Circulation 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 July Surface Circulation Oceanic highs move north Continent with relatively low pressure Pulls in moisture from tropical oceans July Surface Circulation

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 July Surface Circulation Oceanic highs move north Continent with relatively low pressure Pulls in moisture from tropical oceans

2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Key Points

Solar insolation of Earth is uneven 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Key Points Solar insolation of Earth is uneven Atmosphere transfers energy poleward Coriolis deflects the transfer to the right Warm air rises: Moisture condenses, rains Cold air sinks: Moisture evaporates, dry Result: rain vs. aridity in the SW